IIITM Gwalior

Mr. Jagdeep Singh Dangi, Scientist/Engineer of the Institute has received a National Award – Outstanding Young Person of India 2010

2011-04-30T12:24:00.001+05:30

Mr. Jagdeep Singh Dangi, Scientist/Engineer of the Institute has received a National Award – Outstanding Young Person of India 2010, in recognition of his innovative and excellent work in the field of Information Technology
and Scientific Development.

The award was given on 28th December 2010, in a sparkling eve at MGM Selvee World, Beach Front Park, Visakhapatnam by JCI (Junior Chamber International) India.

A few of the celebrities who have been adjudged as OYP by JCI INDIA are Mr. Pankaj Udhas, Mr. Sunil Gavaskar, Mr. Kapil Dev, Mr. Sachin Tendulkar, Ms. P.T. Usha etc.

Meet Mr. Jagdeep Dangi

IIITM Gwalior Awarded Dewang Mehta Business School Awards for Best IT curriculum in B-schools

2011-04-30T10:08:00.000+05:30

FYI: ABV-IIITM Gwalior is also awarded "Business School with Best Academic Input Syllabus in Information Technology." at 18th Business School Affaire & Dewan Mehta Business Schools Awards.

IIITM Gwalior got A++ Rank in Best B-Schools Survey 2010 by Business India

2011-04-30T09:35:00.000+05:30

Again this an old story. This is for the reference of new students aiming for IIITM as their one of the dream B-Schools.

Please refer to the attached image, do click on in it for clearer view also find more details by clicking link at bottom.

For more details click here !

IIITM ranked 38 by MBA Universe.com in Best B Schools of India

2011-04-30T08:48:00.002+05:30

This news is 6 months old. This is for the reference of all the MBA aspirants.

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Read the article at this link

Advantage Alumni

2011-04-30T08:31:00.000+05:30

Imagine meeting that prospective client you have been striving to crack a deal with at your school’s alumni meet and realizing he was your senior backs them! Or wouldn’t it be great if during an ex-employer alumni meeting, your ex-boss proposes a lucrative job offer – an opportunity better than the current one you are pursuing. How weird would it be to find out during a college reunion that your junior batch mate is vying to work with you – a possible prospect according to you as you have an opening in your team? So if you thought alumni relationships were just about staying in touch with your alma mater, post graduate institution or ex-employer think again!

While the concept of alumni associations is not new. It has gained immense momentum. These associations can be excellent platforms for organizations to hire some of the best talent and build the company’s brand. In fact, we hire large number of employees through this route. The organizations look forward towards leveraging this network for not only talent acquisition but also creating the preferred employer, brand. We have an ambassador program that helps us connect with the engineering colleges and their alumni associations. Employees act as ambassadors of the organization and help us connect with their colleges and institutions.
Talking about how alumni associations help any organization or educational institution, Rohit founder and managing director, says most of the top colleges and schools have very active alumni associations — formal or informal, especially so in Ivy League schools. The purpose of such an association is brand building for the Institution or organization since the alumni group is a very valuable resources. Especially in the new online networked world, the alumni are going global. They are the brand ambassadors and by amplifying the engagement with the alumni both the alumni and institution or organization can derive a lot of advantages in the form of guest lectures mentoring programs, placement assistance collaboration and on-going learning just to name a few. Today it is only about staying in touch but also brand building networking social and professionals’ collaboration and real time communication

The trend of alumni associations is fast catching on and has proven to be beneficial in ways more than one. Several members of the ex-employer or college alumni group hold key decision making positions with corporations all around the world.

Alumni associations have proven to be effective tools in talent acquisition and towards establishing presence across campuses. These members can spread the world of their respective universities in front of their current / prospective employer and eventually source talent. This will not only reflect positively on the university but also drastically shorten the recruitment process of the company therefore a win-win situation. We hire around 20-30 per cent of fresh graduates through or of campus drives.

According to Mahajan alumni relationships can be very powerful business tools since alumni have an affinity to work together and trust is implicit. Successful alumni may like to hire students for internship or permanent employment or share their learning and knowledge by going for guest lectures and mentorships thus enhancing their personal or company brand. Alumni running their own business might gain by connecting with other alumni in new locations and could even begin operating their business in new geographies or simply get to meet with friends while visiting a new country.

Hence it can concluded that these alumni relationships help people not only enhance their social circle and network and build a brand, but can also lead to interesting an fruitful business relationships In fact, these alumni relationships have turned out to be a win-win situation for both, the organizations or institutions and the members.

ANGKOR In City of Temple

2011-04-29T12:31:00.001+05:30

Angkor is northwestern Cambodia, is the site where Khmer kings established their capitals from the ninth to the twelth century. He Cambodian empire, adopted Hinduism and is still proud of it. Somerset Maugham a British novelist who visited and wrote many a story with south, Asian experience and environment, said: " No one should die before seeing Angkor " Angkor vat city of ancient Buddhist temples. It is equal to the Egyptian Pyramids and the Taj Mahal in the UNESCO scale of man's cultural inheritance. Hardly any Hindu performs a pilgrimage to this sacred Hindu town. The legends from Ramayana, Mahabharat, Apsaras from the age of dushyanta and Shakuntala are imprinted on the majestic impressive ram parts of this ancient temple and other temples spread expansively over an area of two hundred square mile Angkor derives from its Sanskrit root " Nagar " or Holi city. Angkor was a highly developed civilization as demonstrated by its temples, sculpture and base reliefs as well as elaborate irrigation system. Today Angkor is an extensive archeological site covering more than 100 temples can be seen there however, civil houses, including places which were built with wood, no longer exist up to twelfth century, kings were Hindu. At the end of this century a Buddhist king built a number of temples complexes.

The archeological site includes many treasures the most beautiful of which is the Hindu temple of Angkor vat constructed during the first half of twelfth century. The last capital was Angkor Thom, a city of nine-square kilometers in the middle of which was built the bayon, around 1200. IT understand important changes until the end of the century. At this time Angkor kings were the masters of the most important empire in southeast Asia. The more famous temple of Angkor is " Ta Prohm " the temple of Brahma, Brahma temples an unusual object and it is said the only temple to Brahma is in Pashkar, neat Ajmer, Ta Prohm is under archeological survey of India's re installation team in Angkor. The ancient ruins echo the glory of vedic culture. They enhance and intensify the consciousness of being Hindu.

The power of the Khmer kings gradually decreased, and after the middle of fifteenth century, Angkor was just the center of small kingdom until the end of sixteenth century. Threats to the archeological site of Angkor include looting vandalism and natural forces. In 1860 French explorer Henri Mahout encountered Angkor and drew the attention of the western world to the site soon after there were several expeditions which occasionally removed sculptures from Angkor and other site in Cambodia, and brought them back to pairs along which many moulding shown presently in Musee Guimet , from 1908 to 1970, the conservation Angkor protected Angkor. During the genocide and years after Angkor was in accessible and the site suffered from neglect.

In 1989 UNESCO sent the first mission there to access the state of conservation of the site, which was inscribed on the world heritage list in December 1992. Since that time the assistance provided by the international community has increased very quickly. Angkor is now facing new problems including, growing vegetation, weathering stone, looting of the temples as well as a new and difficult challenge the amazing development of tourism site development programs are being defined to ensure the best level of protection to Angkor.

Importance of Water

2011-04-27T12:56:00.001+05:30

Ever since the united nations conference held on water in 1977 At mar del plata (Argentina) water clock has been ticking alarmingly. Problems of access to quality water in sufficient quantity , there is the risk of water shortage and nastiness of its resources getting trickier. The mar del plata seminar pointed the basic facts and made water as the main concern on the international political agenda.

   One and half billion people across the world not getting the props water two billion lack clean water, In 20 years time these number will be increase. Agricultural and industrial pollution is demanding the quality of fresh water.

   The biggest risk is in front of universe is the purification of clean drinking water and the sanitation problem, privatization of water is being aggressively exported to the developing country under the rubric of poverty reduction, debt relief, free trade and economic development. It is a depressing thought but a fact that organized capitalism and organized crimes aggressively devastating. The process of globalization with predatory instincts. These twin forces are insatiably gulping the basic resources of humanity. The multinational corporations are tightening their monopoly on food, forests, water and other gifts to man. God given mountain springs are no longer free. one has to pay levy to use Enron, Monsanto Bechtel and other intercontinental companies for drinking water.

The world bank (WB) identified as the clamorous instrument of multinational imposing privatization of water on poor and weak debtor nations in 2009 it sanctioned loans to 24 countries binding the contracting government to privatize the water supply critics say WB is financing private water, other international organization such as the world water commission who are expected to function disinterestedly of water through their reports.

                              Indian government also slants towards privatization of water supply. The tenth five-year plan draft clearly states that time has come for take proper steps to support private investment in water project as the government has no resources for promoting water schemes. According to Indian government getting proper water is the main right but under foreign pressure the government with its drawing from its earlier position.

Water conservation

The most important step in the direction of finding solutions to issues of water and environmental conservation is to change people's attitudes and habits¾this includes each one of us. Conserve water because it is the right thing to do. We can follow some of the simple things that have been listed below and contribute to water conservation.

Try to do one thing each day that will result in saving water. Don't worry if the savings are minimal¾every drop counts! You can make a difference.

Remember to use only the amount you actually need.

Form a group of water-conscious people and encourage your friends and neighbors to be part of this group. Promote water conservation in community newsletters and on bulletin boards. Encourage your friends, neighbors and co-workers to also contribute.

Encourage your family to keep looking for new ways to conserve water in and around your home.

Make sure that your home is leak-free. Many homes have leaking pipes that go unnoticed.

Do not leave the tap running while you are brushing your teeth or soaping your face.

See that there are no leaks in the toilet tank. You can check this by adding colour to the tank. If there is a leak, colour will appear in the toilet bowl within 30 minutes. (Flush as soon as the test is done, since food colouring may stain the tank.)

Avoid flushing the toilet unnecessarily. Put a brick or any other device that occupies space to cut down on the amount of water needed for each flush.

When washing the car, use water from a bucket and not a hosepipe.

Do not throw away water that has been used for washing vegetables, rice or dals¾use it to water plants or to clean the floors, etc

You can store water in a variety of ways. A simple method is to place a drum on a raised platform directly under the rainwater collection source. You can also collect water in a bucket during the rainy season.

"Water, like air, is a necessity of human life. It is also, according to Fortune magazine, 'One of the world's great business opportunities. It promises to be to the 21st century what oil was to the 20th.' In the past ten years, three giant global corporations have quietly assumed control over the water supplied to almost 300 million people in every continent of the world."

Views against female foeticide

2011-04-21T13:10:00.003+05:30

It is well known to all there is a steep fall in the male- female ratio. Law does not following the rule of law and violating the rule and getting their female child aborted. The impact of such type activities will not be good in society, they will have to suffer. Abortion should be strongly banned, those who does not follow the law they should suffer under breaking the law. It has been cleared of female foetus creating problem in society making gape between male and female population.

CAUSES:

Evil of dowry- The towering dowry demand is one of the main reason for female foeticide. When girl get married , as a mater of dignity too, more money and material goods are asked in dowry.So the girl is seen as a financial burden on the family right from the birth.

Social security- Due to the social security the male preference and ensuing elimination of the female, it is believed that males are bread earners of the family and they will look after parents in old age.

Small family norm- Faced with the social burden rarely anyone wants more child. Everyone wants one or two child, and males are demanding because the male offspring leads its generation forward.

Ill effects of female foeticide

The female foeticide can have great adverse effect on the mental and physical health of the mother.

India has one of the lowest sex ratios in the world which is 933 females/1000males, while the world population has a sex ratio of 990/1000 males.
If female foeticide is continued the way it it continuing it will render all the women and child health programmed a nullity.

conclusion-
"yatra nari pujyathe raman the tatra devatha" has been our culture. In our country girl is worshiped as a devi on one hand and denied her existence on the other as if she has no right to live. Now time has come for us to get rid of male chauvinism and treat children as a gift of nature regardless for their gender.Being a heath personals its our moral responsibility to create general awareness and end gender based discrimination.

Our views in favor of Anna Hazare campaign

2011-04-20T13:43:00.001+05:30

A few days back Anna Hazare started campaign against corruption, scams and other unfair activities. For the same he is campaigning for Jan Lokpal(Public Ombudsman) Bill which is pending from last 42 years. People followed the campaign and escorted him.

Whatever speculation made by critics this campaign is supported by millions of Indian from heart and soul. It's too early to comment on its social message and historical inferences but its not less than Loknayak Jayprakash Narayan's Total Revolution.

The support of media both electronic and print are unprecedented. And the newly emerged social media aka facebook and twitter are behaving as last screw in the coffin for corrupt main line politicians.

He was honored bye huge population. His campaign was in interest of public and country. If he gets support of the people then country can be free from corruption. Rich and poor can get advantage, ruling party can give good performance to make strong nation. Then it is sure we can get justice and make our country strong and free from corruption,and unemployment and hence free from age old poverty.
May be we can really say that our country can be flourished.
Alas!

by B.S.Bhadoria

EFFECTS OF CATHARSIS ON PERSONALITY

2011-04-19T12:27:00.000+05:30

No one can expect to go through life without some emotional tension. However, the well-adjusted person learns to face his problems objectively, develops a tolerance of the unpleasant emotions, and learns that he can justifiably be angry, frightened, envious, or jealous at times without feeling guilty or inadequate.

When a person can experience emotionally charged impulses without anxiety and guilt because he has achieved a proper balance between expression and control, he is then emotionally healthy. He finds it possible to accept his emotional impulses as natural, and to handle their expression in ways that are socially acceptable.

Emotional catharsis contributes to good adjustment both directly and indirectly. The direct effects of catharsis come from releasing the pent-up emotions and allowing physical and mental homeostasis to be restored. When the person is in a state of equilibrium, owing to the restoration of homeostasis, he can then see himself and his problems more realistically.

Indirectly, emotional catharsis affects the personality by enabling the person to behave in a manner that will win favorable reactions from members of the social group. To a large degree, it frees him of the nervousness and jitteriness which create the impression that he is immature. It goes far toward wiping out any tendency he may have to view himself and his relationships with other people in a distorted light, thus making him less prone to verbalize unfavorable attitudes and beliefs. And perhaps most important of all, it helps to eliminate the facial and bodily expressions of unpleasant emotions which others use as cues in judging him.

EMOTIONAL STRESS- Emotional stress is a generalized state of heightened emotionality which eventually becomes habitual. In some people, stress may come mainly from fear, while in others, it is a result of conflicts that give rise to anger, jealousy, envy, or some other unpleasant emotion. Stress is rarely characterized by a predominance of the pleasant emotions.

Stress differs from mood in that a mood is a temporary state of heightened emotionally which normally subsides after a relatively short time. unless the preparation for action that accompanies a mood is expressed, however, a mood may persist and develop into stress.

FACTORS INFLUENCING ATTITUDES TOWARDS EDUCATION

2011-04-18T12:43:00.001+05:30

Individual attitudes toward education vary from a strong interest and absorption in studies to an equally strong dislike for school in general or for the teacher, certain subjects, or the school rules in particular. These variation in attitude are due in large part to many factors which are operative to different degrees in the lives of all students. The most influential are described in the following paragraphs.

Sex Girls as a whole and at every age have more favorable attitudes toward school than boys. As a result, they do better work, cause less trouble for their teachers, and rebel less against school rules and expectations. Student rebellions, for example, are rarely initiated and carried out by girls.

Child-training methods- The kind of child training used in the home determines what attitudes and behavior patterns the child will learn. These, then, are carried from the home to the school where they determine the quality of child's behavior and the kind of adjustments he makes. If the child has developed a hostile attitude toward his parents, he will usually transfer this o his teacher and to all in authority at school. If he has learned to be timid because of authoritarian child-training methods at home, he will be timid with with his teachers and classmates.

Parents who supervise their children's activities in a democratic, positive, encouraging manner help to develop adaptive behavior in their children. This, in time, becomes a generalized pattern that not only leads to success in school but fosters a favorable attitude toward school. When the relationship between students and their parents and other family members is a happy, cooperative, and democratic one, young people are encouraged to develop a feeling of responsibility and a wholesome attitude toward what must be done. As cottle says, "Good parents produce good students". When, on the other hand, parents show little interest in their children or in their school work and when there is little exchange of affection or mutual respect, children have little motivation to do things to please their parents. Their schoolwork suffers, and they come to dislike school. Any unfavorable parent-child relationship, whether it be characterized by overindulgence, rejection, over-protection, or domination, is likely to "cripple the child's chances of adjusting successfully to the school situation, either socially or scholastically".

ATTITUDES OF OLDER STUDENTS

2011-04-18T11:39:00.000+05:30

The typical American adolescent's attitude toward high school or college is no more favorable than that of the elementary school child. However, the adolescent realizes that education is a means to an end, both socially and vocationally. He has, according to Joseph, a "begrudging respect for education coming from external, societal pressures rather than internal regard".

Forced by external pressures to recognize the value of education, the adolescent is willing to make sacrifices n time and effort to earn good grades. If he is motivated to move up the social ladder, he will be willing to work hard at his courses of study and to participate in extracurricular activities. This does not mean that he has suddenly develop a gung-ho-attitude toward school. The young adolescent complains about school in general, about the restrictions school places on him, the homework he must do, the courses he is required to take, the way the school authorities run things, and the way his teacher teach.

Much the same holds true for college students. They want what college can give them both socially and vocationally. But, for many, the means to the desired end can be a long and unsatisfying period of forced labor. Like the child who thinks of the last day of school before vacation as a "red-letter day," so the college student often feels that he is at last gaining his freedom when his degree is conferred upon him.

Reasons for attitude deterioration-
If an adolescent enters high school or college with an unrealistic concept, believing that he is going to have nothing but good times, he is in for a rude awakening. communities provide so many fun things for young people to do that schools and colleges cannot hope to compete with them as a source of entertainment. Mathematics, for example, cannot compete with a Western or a love story on TV, nor can Latin or ancient history compete with a date in the family's new car. The curriculum of the high school and college often seems so pedantic, old-fashioned, and the irrelevant to the real world that students rebel at the thought of wasting their time on something they claim will never do them any good and will never be used in their daily lives.

Even subjects that they can see some practical use for may be taught in a way that seems so boring that students feel they are wasting time that might better be spent on something that would be more interesting. When it is the thing to do to grumble and criticize everything and everyone connected with a school or college, the morale of any educational institution can sink to such a low level that it will reinforce already-existing unfavorable attitudes.

The leading cause of the deterioration in student's attitudes toward education is the constant reminder, through grades and teacher comments, of academic and personal shortcomings. The day in, day out pressure to perform well and the necessity of competing make schoolwork a "drag" for most students a good deal of the time.

effects of self-acceptance

2011-04-15T13:12:00.000+05:30

The more a person accepts himself, the better his self and social adjustments. The person who makes good personal adjustments will be happy and successful. The one who makes good social adjustments will be popular, will enjoy social contacts, and will have a full and rich life. The importance of self acceptance in adolescence has been stressed by jersild: " The adolescent who realistically accepts himself has a treasure. Within his own world, the one with meager talents who forthrightly appreciates what he has is richer than ones who is bountifully endowed but deplores himself". This is true at other ages as well.

Studies reveal what a broad influence self acceptance has in the person's life. For convenience, we shall group the effect of self acceptance into two major categories the effects on self-adjustment and the effects on social adjustments and examine some of those which are most important.

EFFECTS ON SELF-ADJUSTMENTS - The self acceptant person does not think of himself as a paragon of perfection. Instead, he is able to recognize his good feature as well as his faults. One characteristic of the person who is well adjusted is that he usually recognizes his good features before his faults. As on person explained: " We all have to live with ourselves twenty-four hours a day and therefore we should think much of ourselves, at least enough to give confidence to our ego to improve ourselves".

As a result of "thinking much" of himself, the person who is self-acceptant has self-confidence and self-esteem. He is more willing to accept criticism than the less self-acceptant person, who avoids facing the fact that he is any way imperfect, as criticism implies. While the self-acceptant person may not like criticism, he accepts it and profits from it. He even makes critical self-appraisals which help him to recognize and correct his weaknesses.

Self-acceptance is accompanied by personal security. This encourages the person to believe that he can handle life's problems and that he is accepted by significant people in his life. It also encourages him to rely on his own principles and values to guide his actions rather than on the conventions and standards of others.

The self-accepting person evaluates himself realistically, and so he can use his capacities effectively, whether they are great or small. He keeps his levels of aspiration within the bounds of potentyial achievement. He accepts or even demands his proper share of the good things of life and does not deserve them.

Among the outstanding characteristics of self accepting adolescents are spontaneity and responsibility for self. They accept the qualities of their humanity without condemning themselves for conditions beyond their control. They do not see themselves as persons who should be above anger or fear or devoid of conflicting desires, free of human fallibility. They feel they have a right to have ideas, aspirations, and wishes of their own. They do not begrudge themselves the satisfactions of being alive.

VARIATIONS IN EFFECTS ON PERSONALITY

2011-04-15T12:28:00.000+05:30

The severity and persistence of the effects of deprivation of love depend largely on the extent of the deprivation, when it occurs, how long it lasts, and whether a satisfactory source of love can be substituted for a normal, but unavailable, source.

If the deprivation of affection is very slight in extent, the desire for affection is sharpened. Children who must compete with their siblings for the mother's time and love become more friendly and eager to please. They seek more attention and affection from teacher and other adults than do childrens whose deprivation at home is extreme.

Pronounced deprivation of affection results in emotional starvation and intellectual torpor. deprivation of affection accompanied by intellectual stimulation, however, leads to autism, or "emotional refrigeration ,"in which the person show little or no interest in people and is cold, withdrawn and distant

The effects of deprivation of love on personality also depends on when it occurs. The child is most vulnerable from 6 months to 4 or 5 years of age. If baby is separated from the mother before he becomes accustomed to her child-care technique, he will adjust to the new situation provided that he is cared for by one person.

During the "critical period" of separation, between the last half of first year and the age of 5, the child who has no stable source of love is unable to learn to identify with or associate love with another person normally. As a result, he develops into an affection less person or an aggressive on who demand attention and affection from others. On the other hand, if separation from the mother, or a mother substitute who has provided a stable source of love, occurs after the critical period, the child can generally adjust to the change, understand why it has occurred, and from satisfying new emotional relationships.

There is little evidence that separation from the father during the "critical period" leads to any permanent damage. Since few young children develop an intense affectional attachment for their father comparable to that of their mother, the separation result no significant deprivation of affection.

Older children and adolescents deprived of a stable source of affection react differently from younger children, but the effect on their personalities is equally damaging. Loss of a parent, due to death or divorce, causes a typical grief reaction, accompanied by feelings of insecurity and inferiority. If both parents are lost by death before the person is 14 or 15 years old, he feels inadequate, insecure, unwanted, and "different".

How long deprivation of love lasts influences its effect on the personality pattern. A short period of deprivation is more harmful in babies and young children than in those who are old enough to find a satisfactory substitute source of love. Among 2 years old, a separation from their mothers for only 19 days was reported to have " devastating" effects on children's personalities.

Much of the psychological damage of deprivation of love can be eliminated if a satisfactory substitute source of love can be found. Institutionalized babies, for example, have been reported to show none of the effects of deprivation of love if one person cares for them. Under the care of one person, they are assured of a stable source of affection and an understanding of their individual needs.

Older children and adolescents turn to the peer group for emotional satisfaction. If they are accepted by the group, the affection they find in peer relationships may compensate for lack of parental affection. Many adolescents, especially girls, find a member of the opposite sex a satisfactory substitute source of affection. For others, a crush on a teacher or an older member of their own sex serves as a satisfactory substitute. An adolescent who feels rejected both by his family and by the peer group is likely to get emotional satisfaction wherever he can, whether it be by joining a juvenile gang or by daydreaming.

In middle and old age, many people find that to some extent pets serve as a satisfactory substitute for the stable source of affection they were accustomed to before the death or divorce of a spouse or the departure of their children.

POVERTY REDUCTION

2011-04-13T13:54:00.000+05:30

Historically, poverty reduction has been largely a result of economic growth. The industrial revolution led to high economic growth and eliminated mass poverty in what is now considered the developed world. In 1820, 75% of humanity lived on less than a dollar a day, while in 2001, only about 20% did.As three quarters of the world's poor live in the country side, the World Bank cites helping small farmers as the heart of the fight against poverty. Economic growth in agriculture is, on average, at least twice as effective in benefiting the poorest half of a country's population as growth generated in non-agricultural sectors. However, aid is essential in providing better lives for those who are already poor and in sponsoring medical and scientific efforts such as the Green Revolution and the eradication of smallpox.

In The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Max Weber first suggested that cultural values could affect economic success, arguing that the Protestant Reformation led to values that drove people toward worldly achievements, a hard work ethic, and saving to accumulate wealth for investment.The new religions (in particular, Calvinism and other more austere Protestant sects) effectively forbade wastefully using hard earned money and identified the purchase of luxuries a sin.

Economic liberalization

Ian Vásquez, director of the Cato Institute's Project on Global Economic Liberty, wrote that extending property rights protection to the poor is one of the most important poverty reduction strategies a nation could take.Securing property rights to land, the largest asset for most societies, is vital to their economic freedom. The World Bank concludes increasing land rights is 'the key to reducing poverty' citing that land rights greatly increase poor people's wealth, in some cases doubling it. Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto has estimated that state recognition of the property of the poor would give them assets worth 40 times all the foreign aid since 1945. Although approaches varied, the World Bank said the key issues were security of tenure and ensuring land transactions were low cost.

In India, noted reductions in poverty in recent decades have occurred mostly as a result of the abandonment of collective farming in China and the cutting of government red tape in India. However, ending government sponsorship of social programs is sometimes advocated as a free market principle with tragic consequences. For example, the World Bank presses poor nations to eliminate subsidies for fertilizer even while many farmers cannot afford them at market prices. The reconfiguration of public financing in former Soviet states during their transition to a market economy called for reduced spending on health and education, sharply increasing poverty.

Trade liberalization increases the total surplus of trading nations. Remittances sent to poor countries, such as India, are sometimes larger than foreign direct investment and total remittances are more than double aid flows from OECD countries. Foreign investment and export industries helped fuel the economic expansion of fast growing Asian nations. However, trade rules are often unfair as they block access to richer nations' markets and ban poorer nations from supporting their industries.Processed products from poorer nations, in contrast to raw materials, get vastly higher tariffs at richer nations' ports.

Capital, infrastructure and technology

World GDP per capita

Investments in human capital, in the form of health, is needed for economic growth. Nations do not necessarily need wealth to gain health. For example, Sri Lanka had a maternal mortality rate of 2% in the 1930s, higher than any nation today. It reduced it to .5-.6% in the 1950s and to .06% today while spending less each year on maternal health because it learned what worked and what did not. Cheap water filters and promoting hand washing are some of the most cost effective health interventions and can cut deaths from diarrhea and pneumonia. Knowledge on the cost effectiveness of healthcare interventions can be elusive but educational measures to disseminate what works are available, such as the disease control priorities project.

Human capital, in the form of education, is an even more important determinant of economic growth than physical capital. Deworming children costs about 50 cents per child per year and reduces non-attendance from anemia, illness and malnutrition and is only a twenty-fifth as expensive to increase school attendance as by constructing schools.

UN economists argue that good infrastructure, such as roads and information networks, helps market reforms to work. China claims it is investing in railways, roads, ports and rural telephones in African countries as part of its formula for economic development. It was the technology of the steam engine that originally began the dramatic decreases in poverty levels. Cell phone technology brings the market to poor or rural sections. With necessary information, remote farmers can produce specific crops to sell to the buyers that brings the best price.

Such technology also makes financial services accessible to the poor. Those in poverty place overwhelming importance on having a safe place to save money, much more so than receiving loans. Also, a large part of microfinance loans are spent on products that would usually be paid by a checking or savings account. Mobile banking addresses the problem of the heavy regulation and costly maintenance of saving accounts. Mobile financial services in the developing world, ahead of the developed world in this respect, could be worth $5 billion by 2012. Safaricom's M-Pesa launched one of the first systems where a network of agents of mostly shopkeepers, instead of bank branches, would take deposits in cash and translate these onto a virtual account on customers' phones. Cash transfers can be done between phones and issued back in cash with a small commission, making remittances safer.

Aid

Aid in its simplest form is a basic income grant, a form of social security periodically providing citizens with money. In pilot projects in Namibia, where such a program pays just $13 a month, people were able to pay tuition fees, raising the proportion of children going to school by 92%, child malnutrition rates fell from 42% to 10% and economic activity grew by 10%. Researchers say it is more efficient to support the families and extended families that care for the vast majority of orphans with simple allocations of cash than supporting orphanages, who get most of the aid.

Some aid, such as Conditional Cash Transfers, can be rewarded based on desirable actions such as enrolling children in school or receiving vaccinations. In Mexico, for example, dropout rates of 16-19 year olds in rural area dropped by 20% and children gained half an inch in height. Initial fears that the program would encourage families to stay at home rather than work to collect benefits have proven to be unfounded. Instead, there is less excuse for neglectful behavior as, for example, children stopped begging on the streets instead of going to school because it could result in suspension from the program.

Another form of aid is microloans, made famous by the Grameen Bank, where small amounts of money are loaned to farmers or villages, mostly women, who can then obtain physical capital to increase their economic rewards. For example, the Thai government's People's Bank, makes loans of $100 to $300 to help farmers buy equipment or seeds, help street vendors acquire an inventory to sell, or help others set up small shops. While advancing the woman and her household's position economically, microloans empower women and enable them to voice their opinions in general household decisions.

Aid from non-governmental organizations may be more effective than governmental aid; this may be because it is better at reaching the poor and better controlled at the grassroots level. Critics argue that some of the foreign aid is stolen by corrupt governments and officials, and that higher aid levels erode the quality of governance. Policy becomes much more oriented toward what will get more aid money than it does towards meeting the needs of the people. Supporters of aid argue that these problems may be solved with better auditing of how the aid is used. Immunization campaigns for children, such as against polio, diphtheria and measles have save millions of lives.

A major proportion of aid from donor nations is tied, mandating that a receiving nation spend on products and expertise originating only from the donor country. For example, Eritrea is forced to spend aid money on foreign goods and services to build a network of railways even though it is cheaper to use local expertise and resources. US law requires food aid be spent on buying food at home, instead of where the hungry live, and, as a result, half of what is spent is used on transport.

One of the proposed ways to help poor countries has been debt relief. Many less developed nations have gotten themselves into extensive debt to banks and governments from the rich nations and interest payments on these debts are often more than a country can generate per year in profits from exports. If poor countries do not have to spend so much on debt payments, they can use the money instead for priorities which help reduce poverty such as basic health-care and education. For example, Zambia began offering services, such as free health care even while overwhelming the health care infrastructure, because of savings that resulted from the rounds of debt relief in 2005.

Good institution

Efficient institutions that are not corrupt and obey the rule of law make and enforce good laws that provide security to property and businesses. Efficient and fair governments would work to invest in the long-term interests of the nation rather than plunder resources through corruption. Researchers at UC Berkeley developed what they called a "Weberianness scale" which measures aspects of bureaucracies and governments Max Weber described as most important for rational-legal and efficient government over 100 years ago. Comparative research has found that the scale is correlated with higher rates of economic development.

With their related concept of good governance World Bank researchers have found much the same: Data from 150 nations have shown several measures of good governance (such as accountability, effectiveness, rule of law, low corruption) to be related to higher rates of economic development. The United Nations Development Program published a report in April 2000 which focused on good governance in poor countries as a key to economic development and overcoming the selfish interests of wealthy elites often behind state actions in developing nations. The report concludes that "Without good governance, reliance on trickle-down economic development and a host of other strategies will not work."

Examples of good governance leading to economic development and poverty reduction include Thailand, Taiwan, Malaysia, South Korea, and Vietnam, which tend to have a strong government, called a hard state or development state. These "hard states" have the will and authority to create and maintain policies that lead to long-term development that helps all their citizens, not just the wealthy. Multinational corporations are regulated so that they follow reasonable standards for pay and labor conditions, pay reasonable taxes to help develop the country, and keep some of the profits in the country, reinvesting them to provide further development. In 1957 South Korea had a lower per capita GDP than Ghana, and by 2008 it was 17 times as high as Ghana's.

Funds from aid and natural resources are often diverted into private hands and then sent to banks overseas as a result of graft. If Western banks rejected stolen money, says a report by Global Witness, ordinary people would benefit "in a way that aid flows will never achieve". The report asked for more regulation of banks as they have proved capable of stanching the flow of funds linked to terrorism, money-laundering or tax evasion.

Good institutions are vital. When none exist or the only existing are hard to access, traditional systems that do not follow the rule of law flourish to provide law and order. These systems have much to do with honor, and often, lead to many ignoring or covering abuse to avoid shaming a family.

Empowering women

Empowering women has helped some countries increase and sustain economic development. When given more rights and opportunities women begin to receive more education, thus increasing the overall human capital of the country; when given more influence women seem to act more responsibly in helping people in the family or village; and when better educated and more in control of their lives, women are more successful in bringing down rapid population growth because they have more say in family planning.

Long term Effects on Personality

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               While it was formerly believed that deprivation of love during the early, formative years would lay the basis for adult personality disorders, it is now questioned whether this is necessarily true. Permanent psychological damage may be obviated by favorable conditions either before the deprivation occurred or before the damage becomes too severe. As the assumptions that children who" experience institutionalization and similar forms of severe privation and deprivation in early life commonly develop psychopathic or affection less characters are incorrect".

                On the other hand, while a satisfying babyhood will not necessarily compensate for economic privation or other unfavorable conditions in the person's later life, it does provide a tentative an probably. persisting character structure.

                  One of the most common long-term effects of deprivation of affection on personality is emotional insecurity a feeling of not belonging and of being unable to count on the affection of significant people. When babies sense a lack of consistency in the love relationship with their mothers, they cry excessively and show other symptoms of nervousness. When children recognize an inconsistency in their parents' child-training methods, with swings from punitiveness to permissiveness, they are unsure of the parent's affection, Their heightened emotionality is expressed in temper tantrums, irritability, nervous mannerisms, such as nail bitiing, thumb-sucking and speech defects.

                       Much of the adolescent rebellion against authority stems from emotional insecurity which had its origin in an unstable affection relationship with parents during the childhood years. The person who never felt emotionally secure tends to be anxious and rebellious. He feels threatened, and this puts him on the defensive whenever there is any indication that his rights might be taken away from him. This defensive attitude may lead to a generalized rebellion against authority during the adolescent years.

                       Emotional insecurity in adolescence show itself in a craving for the acceptance and affection of peers of both sexes. The adolescent tries to win this security by conforming as closely as possible to the standards of the peer group. One of the reasons for going steady and marrying early is that the adolescent is trying to compensate for unstable emotional relationships experienced at home.

EFFECTS OF EMOTIONAL DEPRIVATION ON PERSONALITY

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                       Deprivation of love results in "emotional starvation." Like the person who is hungry for food, the person who is starved for affection becomes irritable, unreasonable, and cantankerous. He shows his emotional hunger as he shows his physical hunger by emotional symptoms that vary from mild irritability to severe psychoses or by misbehavior that, as he grows older, may reach the level of delinquency or adults criminality.

   Deprivation of opportunities to love and beloved delays the normal patterns of physical and mental development. This, in turn, affects the personality Some of the specific effects of emotional deprivation have been reported to be :

Physical, as seen in listlessness, emaciation, loss of appetite, quietness, general apathy, and psychosomatic illnesses

Social, as revealed in handicaps in leaning how to get along with people, lack of responsiveness to the advances of others, lack of cooperation, and hostility

Emotional, as shown in lack of emotional responsiveness and interchange, feelings of insecurity, resentments as expressed in asocial behavior, restlessness, anxiety, temper tantrums, and many other forms of maladjusted behavior.

                  The older child or adolescent may push himself in intellectual and scholastic pursuits to gain acceptance by parents and teachers, or he may be so disturbed that he is unable to function and thus appeared to be retarded. He may experience physical complaints which interfere with health and growth. Or he may develop nervous mannerism, specially speech disorders. As he grows older, he may turn to delinquency as a substitute for emotional satisfaction.

                  The effects of deprivation of love on the personalities of older people will depend on how rejected they feel. Elderly people who have been institutionalized feel more ejected than those who live in their own homes or in homes of their grown children, even though they may suspect that their children resent having to care for them. A feeling of rejection leads to self-pity, anxiety, irritability, and negativism at any age.

USE OF INTELLECTUAL CAPACITIES

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How much use is made of intellectual capacities is markedly influenced by social-class identification . Parents of the upper and middle social classes provide more opportunities for the child's intellectual development than those of the lower social classes. Even more important, they encourage the child to make use of these opportunities. Many scientists believe that opportunities to learn and encouragement are primarily responsible for IQ differences between white and negro children, rather than a hereditary factor, as others claim.

Jensen, in commenting on environmental influences, agrees that they are, in part, responsible for differences in achievement. As he explains, "Many other traits, habits, attitudes and values enter into a child's performance in school beside just his intelligence, and these non cognitive factors are largely environmentally determined, mainly through influence within the child's family".

furthermore, social expectancy influences the use people make of their intellectual capacities. Those who are recognized as intelligent are expected to have more "social power" in decision-making situations than are those who are less intelligent. Boys and men, in most cultures, are expected to use their intellectual capacities more than girls and women and are given more opportunities and more encouragement to do so.

Intellectual capacities increase longer and decline later and more slowly if the person continues to be mentally active. Elderly people who continue to work or who have intellectually stimulating recreations are reported to have more normal brain functioning, to make better adjustments, and to do better on intelligence tests than those who retire and allow themselves to become mentally inactive. The decline is hastened by mentally unstimulating work and by an unstimulating home and social environment.

EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON EARTH

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The effects could be enormous.Relative to the hectic pace of your life, global warming is a slow-moving problem. But that does not mean you should “wait and see” what happens. If we wait, we may be creating an unsolvable problem, an unstoppable climatic shift that could have devastating impacts in years to come.

The majority of effects must be devastating to human and animal populations. An insecure food supply, increased frequency and intensity of storms, and rapidly rising sea levels are just a handful of the possible effects you will see in coming years. But it isn’t too late. You can even take action right now to help stop global warming

Destroying earth
The effects could be far greater than you imagine. Global warming does not occur evenly across the world. Temperature changes have been, and will be, much more extreme in the Arctic and Antarctic. A 5 degree Fahrenheit warming for the whole world means only 1 degree at the equator, but 12 degrees at the poles. Global temperatures have already risen about .8 degrees Celsius, or 1.4 degree Fahrenheit

The arctic tundra is melting already, which may be causing an increase in methane levels in the atmosphere. A mysterious spike in atmospheric methane was measured in 2007. In addition, the rate of carbon increase in the atmosphere is accelerating each year, which may also be related to the thawing of arctic areas. You may be contributing to a positive feedback loop whereby the warming of polar regions puts more carbon and methane into the atmosphere, thus causing yet more warming in an unstoppable cycle.

Dangerous Weather Patterns

Increased storm activity and intensity is caused by global warming. Did you know in the last several years, even insurance companies have faced regular, increasing costs from these types of storms? Sadly, you are likely to see the ravages of global warming induced weather on the economy become yet more severe in the future.

Severe drought and flooding will occur as weather pattern become more extreme. Unfortunately, the world’s economic and agricultural systems rely on existing patterns of weather, and as global warming changes these patterns, our ability to produce food is declining.

The overall trend is clear, regardless of knowing if any particular weather change was “caused” by global warming. Increased overall average temperatures cause more extreme weather, more devastating storms, and more severe and prolonged droughts and floods. These changes impact ecosystems and the human economy.

Unstable Agriculture and Economy

The price you pay for food is getting higher already as a result of global warming effects on agriculture. What’s worse is that this is leaving many of the world’s hungry in a desperate situation, unable to afford adequate food. In the future, it could make it so hard for humans to grow enough food that even wealthy people experience food scarcity.

We depend on a predictable climate to keep our agricultural markets and our economy as a whole stable. Climate change makes our markets unstable, less efficient, and thus more expensive. Prices are increasing for a number of reasons, a few of which are not related to global warming, but global warming induced heat waves have already been shown to reduce grain harvests in India, Canada, and the U.S. significantly.

Drought conditions have doubled since 1970. Many plants become less productive or will not pollinate when it gets too hot. For all of these reasons, we should be concerned about the impacts of climate change on agriculture and food scarcity.

Effects on Animals

The danger to animals is severe as well. As sea levels rise and lowland coastal areas are flooded, many animal species will be harmed. Coastal areas serve as natural hatcheries for fish and are home to a greater diversity of land and sea creatures than any other ecosystem. The flooding of coastal estuaries by rising sea levels would have dramatic effects on animals across the world.

Countless species will be wiped out if global warming continues unchecked. It could play a major role in the extinction of many species that are crucial to stabilizing the food chain that you and I (and countless other animals) depend on for our food. It will surely mean an end to the polar bear, which depends on sea ice for hunting.

A hostile planet

A 20-foot sea level rise is likely if either the Greenland Ice Shelf or the East Antarctic Ice Shelf were to melt and slip into the sea. You may think a 20-foot rise in sea level is unlikely, but even a relatively small rise in sea levels could have an enormous impact on people around the world. For example, in Bangladesh, 15 million people live within 1 meter of sea level and in India, the number of people at a similar elevation is 8 million.

The changes have been extreme, developing far faster than anyone foresaw, despite the fact that scientists have been predicting that significant rises in sea level could only happen decades or centuries in the future. In the summer of 2007, the ice in the Arctic receded further than any of the climate models had predicted.

This is significant, because as white arctic ice is replaced by dark water (or land, in the case of tundra), our planet absorbs more heat. The reason for this is ice reflects more light and heat than do water and land, something scientists refer to as the “albedo effect.” The albedo effect of ice is believed to have had a major impact on Earth’s climate over the eons and the loss of albedo could accelerate the warming of the Earth significantly. All of this means an ever more dangerous future for your kids.

The Full Effects on Humans

If the current trend continues and warming at the poles triggers a positive feedback loop whereby more carbon and methane are released into the atmosphere, then the 20-foot sea level rise could come much sooner than was previously predicted. Such a change would inundate many of the world’s largest cities and much of the world’s most productive farmland.

The consequences could be devastating. In addition, much more dramatic sea level rises in the future are possible. If global warming catalyzes further warming and melts all of the ice in the arctic regions and at high altitudes, sea levels will rise by 230-260 feet.

Earth could be drastically altered. The Earth might even come to resemble the steamy planet that was ruled by the dinosaurs! The harm to human populations and civilization would be incalculable

EFFECTS OF GUILT AND SHAME

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   ABV-IIITM GWALIOR M.P.(7-April-2011)

                        If the person realizes that his behavior falls short of group expectation and personal standards, he will have feelings of guilt and his reaction to these feelings will affect his self-concept. Before the age of 5 or 6 years, the child has few if any feeling of guilt, although he may become frightened when caught in wrong act and try rationalize his behavior or project the blame on someone else. The older child however, is deeply concerned about social disapproval when his behavior falls short of expectations. In self-protection, he tries to find a scapegoat to blame for his misbehavior. Rather than feeling guilt, he feels shame when caught in a act which he knows is wrong. Only after the person learns to feel personally responsible for controlling his behavior instead of relying on external pressures, such as disapproval, punishment, or threat of punishment, is he capable of experiencing true guilt.

           Feelings of guilt may lead the person to change his attitude about the "wrongness" of certain behavior. If the person decide not to cheat when tempted to do so, he usually become more rigid in his attitude that cheating is wrong. If he decides that he will cheat, he is likely to become more tolerant toward cheating. this is a method he uses, unconsciously, to reduce the feelings of guilt which would otherwise follow his cheating

                   Occasional feelings of mild guilt are not likely o have a permanent effect on the self-concept. they may make the person ashamed of himself and more realistic about the standard he sets for his behavior, frequent feelings of guilt, however, resulting from recurring failure to live up to one's standards, are damaging to the self-concept. They make the person loose confidence in his ability to achieve what he sets out to do, even though no one but himself may know of his failure.

EFFECTS OF HORIZONTAL MOBILITY

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            ABV-IIITM GWALIOR M.P. (7-April-2011)

                    While horizontal mobility may mean a financial improvement for the family, an opportunity to bury the past, and a chance to gain a higher social status, it also means breaking old friendship and making new ones, adjusting to the mores and social life of a new group, and disrupting the schooling of children and adolescents. Until adjustments to the new environment are made, there is generally a period of loneliness and dissatisfaction and a longing to return to the old environment.

Studies of new children in neighborhoods have shown how difficult a situation they face. Many such children are teased, bullied, or ignored by those who make up the established groups. It is unusual for the members of the group to take the initiative, generally by winning the attention and interest of one child in the group, However, this is often interpreted as "pushiness" and it increases the group's tendency to ignore or reject him.

The difficulty of becoming accepted in a new group varies with age and environment. Adolescence and young adulthood are, on the whole, the most difficult periods in life for horizontal mobility because, at those ages, cliques are already established and newcomers not only are unwelcome but are often regarded as potentially disturbing influences and threats to those in power.

In rural and suburban communities, there is more "neighborliness" than in urban centers, and acceptance in a new group is easier to achieve. Rural and suburban families usually have more in common than urban families. However, should the person move into a housing development in an urban center, assimilation into the group is relatively easy because of homogeneous nature of the environment.

                        In no case is acceptance into a new group achieved quickly. Nor is acceptance, once achieved, likely to be as complete as that which the person was accustomed to in his old group. AS a result, he will experience the physiological damage that comes from social neglect or social rejection. This damage is greater for those who are used to high social acceptance or who anticipated higher acceptance in the new group than they are able to achieve.

Psychosocial isolation and loneliness lead to anxiety, dogmatism, and personality disorders of a minor or major degree. Anxiety depends mainly on the time when the environment is disrupted, While dogmatism is primarily a result of frequency of disruption. Most studies of mobility show that geographic mobility and various personality disorders go together. Thus it can be said that the "basic effects of geographic mobility are disruptive in nature".

EFFECTS OF MORALITY ON PERSONALITY

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Moral or immoral behavior has no effect on personality until the person is intellectually mature enough to understand the attitude of the social group toward his behavior. A baby doesn’t realize that an act is wrong unless he is punished for it. Even then, he may fail to understand why he was punished. Furthermore, he has no feeling of guilt from wrong doing because he has not yet learned a moral code by which to judge his behavior.

As time passes, the person gradually learns what society expects and how it judges him when his behavior falls short of expectations, AT the same time, he is learning to judge his own behavior in terms of a moral code he has developed through experience and moral teaching. If he feels that his behavior falls short of this code, he will have feelings of guilt. If his behavior comes up to expectations, both his own and the group’s he will be satisfied with himself.

The influence of moral expectations on the self-concept will depend on a number of conditions: whether the person is forced, by fear of punishment, to conform or whether he wants to conform because of the personal benefit he will derive from doing so; the attitude of the person who requires him to conform and the method used to enforce conformity; and whether he feels secure in his moral beliefs and in his ability to translate these beliefs into actions,.

If a person feels unsure of his ability to make moral judgments that will win group approval or if he is uncertain of his ability to carry out decisions in ways that will be approved by a group, he will bolster himself up by rigid and authoritarian moral standards or he will learn on external standard of right and wrong rather than his own convictions. In any situation in which moral decision is made, such a person is likely to be plagued by uncertainty and doubt. By contrast, the person who learns a socially acceptable code of moral values and accepts this code as a guide to his behavior is more secure, more confident of his ability to live up to the code, and more likely to be a “ comfortable” and well-adjusted person.

EFFECTS OF ATTRACTIVENESS ON PERSONALITY

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Realization that appearance plays an important role in social judgments inevitably affects the self concept. If a person feels that his appearance is such that he will be judge positively, it will have a favorable effect on his personality. Few people, however, feel so. Most feel that their total appearance or some feature that mars their attractiveness is responsible for their not being as popular as they otherwise would be.

The more a person varies from the norm in physical attractiveness, the more he also varies in satisfaction and, thus, in the favorableness of his self-concept. Studies of the effect of acne illustrate how severely one unattractive feature can affect the self concept. College students with acne score significantly higher on a neuroticism scale than those who are free from his skin blemish. Those of higher neuroticism also tend to develop acne at an earlier age.

One study has shown that an unattractive appearance may lead to deviant behavior. Not only are criminals judged to be below the norm in personal attractiveness, but the seriousness of their crimes is positively related to the degree of their unattractiveness. Burglars, for example, who engage in “behind-the-back” stealing, are contact-shy because of their unattractiveness.

Differences in attractiveness have also been found in criminals who commit sex crimes. Those who engage in illicit sexual relationship with adults are more attractive than those who victimize children.

While physical unattractiveness does not, of course, necessarily lead to delinquent or criminal behavior, many unattractive people who are unable to improve their appearance enough to be reasonably acceptant of it do develop unfavorable self concepts and unsocial pattern of behavior. Whether these will lead to withdrawal or aggression will depend upon their environments, the pattern of their lives, the kinds of relationships they have with family members, and a host of other conditions. For example, a child who has been criticized by his parents and nagged to improve his looks, and who interprets all this to mean that his parents reject him, often becomes hypersensitive about his appearance

At no time will an unfavorable self-concept be more damaging than in old age when physical attractiveness normally wanes and when other condition such as forced retirement, loss of community roles, and lowered income, intensify the belief of the person that he is being rejected because of his unattractiveness,. Unquestionably, part of the personality change that so often accompanies aging can be traced to this.

HOMEOSTASIS

“Homeostasis” is the maintenance of a stable internal environment through a relatively steady temperature, a normal blood sugar level, an even rate of oxygen utilization, and a proper water balance. When any one of these conditions is upset, disturbances in homeostasis occur.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS

Homeostasis or lack of it has a pronounced effect, both directly and indirectly, on personality. Any alteration n the physiological state of a person will be reflected to the behavioral changes which maybe temporary or persistent, slight or major, depending on how great and how permanent the physiological changes are.

The direct effects of homeostasis are seen in the relaxed, poised, controlled, and socially acceptable behavior pattern of a person who is feeling well both physical and physiologically. Upsets in homeostasis are readily apparent in irritability following fatigue the temporary inability of a person to react normally after using alcohol and some of the narcotics.

Indirectly, homeostasis or lack of it may affect the personality through the way the person reacts to what he believes to be the attitudes and behavior of significant people in his life or to how close his body comes to his childhood ideal.

CONDITION CONTRIBUTING TO SOCIAL MOBILITY

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Horizontal mobility is usually the result of geographic mobility. It occurs when a person or family moves from one community, neighborhood, or group to another on the same level for personal or vocational reasons. It is less common in the lower then in the middle and upper social classes because lower-class people whose work is not highly specialized can usually find work in the area in which they live. People of the middle and upper social groups, who engage in more specialized work, move from place to take advantage of new opportunities.

Among the lower social-class group, moves are generally from rural or from urban to urban areas, with living condition in the new environment similar to those in the old. In the middle-class groups, moves are almost always toward the larger urban centers or the suburbs surrounding them.

In upward mobility, the person has a strong motivation to improve his status. This motivation is intensified by prodding from his family and fiends and from the realization that, in a democracy, improvement is possible. To achieve a higher status, person must not only be motivated but must posses certain personality characteristic, the two most important of which is aggression and a sense of identity. If he is to win acceptance from and make a favorable impression on those who have more power and status than he, his aggression must be in right amount ad proper direction> He must behave in such a way that he will not be regarded as a “pusher”.

Achieving a sense of identity with those with whom the person wants to be associated is far from easy. The upwardly mobile person may be in a group but not of it. Without an opportunity to associate with the people in the group that he wants to be identified with, he is deprived of opportunities to learn their interests, patterns of behavior, and values.

The more intelligent the person, the more likely he is to be given an opportunity to be upwardly mobile. Very bright boys for example can achieve academic success which enables them to achieve vocational success. And with vocational success they have opportunities to associate with members of the higher social groups.

The personality syndrome of the downwardly mobile person is characterized by such traits as generally poor motivation, dissatisfaction, lack of drive and energy, greater concern for security or just getting by than for achievement, and orientation toward the present, with refusal to sacrifice for the future. Downwardly mobile person have not internalized the cultural values and standards of behavior of the lager group; as a result, they are at the mercy of their impulses. Because they are dissatisfied with themselves, they create unfavorable impression on others and have difficulty making friends.

EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MOBILITY ON PERSONALITY :

Social mobility in any form leaves its mark on the personality of the mobile person. The mark varies in severity and persistence according to the kind of mobility, but it is practically always disturbing. As Bossard has commented, “Mobility has its advantages, but I wouldn’t wish them on anyone”.

CONFERENCE OF RESEARCH SCHOLARS

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A two day national conference of research scholars on management was held on 26-27 March 2011. The inaugural ceremony included key note speaker Prof. Kripashankar, V.C. goutam Buddha Technical University and Director S.G. Deshmukh. The introduction to the conference was given by Dr. Padmanav Acharya, organizing secretary of NCRSM-2011. The two day conference included prominent speakers in plenary sessions such as Prof. S.S. Yadav and Prof. Ravi Shankar from IIT Delhi, Prof. M.K.Tiwari from IIT Kharagpur and Prof. V.S.R. Krishnaiar from IIPA, New Delhi. Participants delegate from all parts of the country presented their research papers in the conference which includes a health proportion from top institution like IITs, IIMs and NITs. Conference had also including presentation on EBSCO/SCOPUS and CMII database. Finally a panel discussion on expectation from management researchers was held which was followed with valedictory session where Dr. Manoj Dash gave a summary report and Dr. Manoj Patwardhan gave the vote of thanks to the gathering. A total of six, best paper award were distributed by Director S.G. Deshmukh in the valedictory ceremony.

EFFECTS OF DEVIANT INTELLIGENCE ON PERSONALITY

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Deviant intelligence inevitably leaves its mark on the personality pattern. As has been stressed above, this is not because of deviant intelligence per se but rather is not because of the attitudes of the social group toward the deviant. And. As noted, the attitudes of the social group are influenced by the way the person behaves.

The effect on the self-concept is greatly by how the person with deviant intelligence believes others feel about his being different and how they treat him while he is still young and in the process of developing a concept of himself as a person. If they think of him as “different” he will think of himself in that way too, This make it difficult for him to behave normally and to express his feelings toward people in a friendly way. His behavior thus reinforces the unfavorable social attitudes.

Personality is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others. Or Personality is generally defined as the deeply ingrained and relatively enduring patterns of thought, feeling and behavior. In fact, when one refers to personality, it generally implies to all what is unique about an individual, the characteristics that makes one stand out in a crowd.

Personalities is the sum total of individual’s Psychological traits, characteristics, motives, habits, attitudes, beliefs and outlooks.

Personality Determinants:

Heredity: Heredity refers to those factors that were determined at conception. Physical structure, facial attractiveness, gender, temperament, muscle composition and reflexes, energy level, and biological rhythms are characteristics that are generally considered to be either completely or substantially influenced by who your parents were, that is by their biological, physiological and inherent psychological make up.

Environment: The environmental factors that exert pressures on our personality formation are the culture in which we are raised, our early conditioning, the norms among our family, friends and social groups, and other influences that we experience. The environment to which we are exposed plays a substantial role in shaping our personalities.

Situation: A third factor, the situation, influences the effects of heredity and environment on personality. An individual’s personality although generally stable and consistent, does change in different situations. The varying demand of different situation calls forth different aspects of one’s personality. We should not therefore look upon personality patterns in isolation.

EVIDENCE OF EFFECTS ON PERSONALITY

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There is ample evidence that good health has a favorable effect on personality while poor health, whether physical or psychosomatic in origin and whether real or imaginary, has a damaging effect. Many personality changes result from poor health condition and persist even after the illness has been cured or its severity lessened. This is especially true during childhood, when personality is in its formative stage. In fact, many personality disturbances in adolescents and adults trace their origin to illness during the early childhood years.

Regardless of the nature of illness or the age of person experiencing it, any illness reduces the scope of person’s world. It encourages him to be egocentric and selfish, it causes frustration which may make the person aggressive and cantankerous or withdrawn, it leads the heightened emotionally, and it makes the person feel martyred. In older people, illness often encourages regression to an earlier period of their lives when they were healthier and happier.

Even tiredness, caused by poor health, overexertion, frustration, or boredom with one’s role in life, lead to personality changes which often become persistent if the conditions responsible for the tiredness persist. Constant tiredness may turn a happy, well-adjusted person into an unhappy, poorly adjusted one.

A number of studies show how marked an effect certain illness have on personality. Persons suffering from diabetes experience tension and anxiety which cause frustration when they try to conform to the demands of their social environments. As a result of frustration, they become aggressive, often turning their aggressions outward on others.

Some of the predisposition to irritability and crabbiness in old age may be traced to changes in the blood sugar level caused by the body’s inability to withdraw glucose from the bloodstream and store it in tissues which have been damaged by the aging process.

Since illness in old age has such damaging effects on personality, it has been suggested that one of the best preparations for old age is health measures designed to prevent chronic and progressive diseases which impair the efficiency and happiness of the elderly and, as such, contribute to unfavorable personality changes. This suggestion could well be applied to all ages. Preventing illness and keeping the person in a state of good health would do much to ensure the development of a wholesome personality, good personal and social adjustments, and happiness.

EFFECTS OF POVERTY

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The effects of poverty may also be causes, as listed above, thus creating a "poverty cycle" operating across multiple levels, individual, local, national and global.

Health

Hunger, disease, and less education describe a person in poverty. One third of deaths - some 18 million people a year or 50,000 per day - are due to poverty-related causes: in total 270 million people, most of them women and children, have died as a result of poverty since 1990. Those living in poverty suffer disproportionately from hunger or even starvation and disease.Those living in poverty suffer lower life expectancy. According to the World Health Organization, hunger and malnutrition are the single gravest threats to the world's public health and malnutrition is by far the biggest contributor to child mortality, present in half of all cases

Every year nearly 11 million children living in poverty die before their fifth birthday. 1.02 billion people go to bed hungry every night. Poverty increases the risk of homelessness There are over 100 million street children worldwide Increased risk of drug abuse may also be associated with poverty

According to the Global Hunger Index, South Asia has the highest child malnutrition rate of the world's regions Nearly half of all Indian children are undernourished,one of the highest rates in the world and nearly double the rate of Sub-Saharan Africa.Every year, more than half a million women die in pregnancy or childbirth. Almost 90% of maternal deaths occur in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, compared to less than 1% in the developed world

Women who have born children into poverty may not be able to nourish the children efficiently and provide adequate care in infancy. The children may also suffer from disease that has been passed down to the child through birth. Asthma and rickets are common problems children acquire when born into poverty.^[^{citation needed}^]

Education

Great Depression: man lying down on pier, New York City docks, 1935.

Research has found that there is a high risk of educational underachievement for children who are from low-income housing circumstances. This often is a process that begins in primary school for some less fortunate children. In the US educational system, these children are at a higher risk than other children for retention in their grade, special placements during the school's hours and even not completing their high school education. There are indeed many explanations for why students tend to drop out of school. For children with low resources, the risk factors are similar to excuses such as juvenile delinquency rates, higher levels of teenage pregnancy, and the economic dependency upon their low income parent or parents.

Families and society who submit low levels of investment in the education and development of less fortunate children end up with less favorable results for the children who see a life of parental employment reduction and low wages. Higher rates of early childbearing with all the connected risks to family, health and well-being are majorly important issues to address since education from preschool to high school are both identifiably meaningful in a life.

Poverty often drastically affects children's success in school. A child's "home activities, preferences, mannerisms" must align with the world and in the cases that they do not these students are at a disadvantage in the school and most importantly the classroom.^,Therefore, it is safe to state that children who live at or below the poverty level will have far less success educationally than children who live above the poverty line. Poor children have a great deal less healthcare and this ultimately results in many absences from the academic year. Additionally, poor children are much more likely to suffer from hunger, fatigue, irritability, headaches, ear infections, flu, and colds. These illnesses could potentially restrict a child or student's focus and concentration.

Housing

Street child in Bangladesh

Slum-dwellers, who make up a third of the world's urban population, live in a poverty no better, if not worse, than rural people, who are the traditional focus of the poverty in the developing world,

Most of the children living in institutions around the world have a surviving parent or close relative, and they most commonly entered orphanages because of poverty. Experts and child advocates maintain that orphanages are expensive and often harm children's development by separating them from their families It is speculated that, flush with money, orphanages are increasing and push for children to join even though demographic data show that even the poorest extended families usually take in children whose parents have died.

Violence

The most common form of human trafficking is for prostitution, which is largely fueled by poverty.In Zimbabwe, a number of girls are turning to prostitution for food to survive because of the increasing poverty.

CHANGES IN DOMINANT EMOTIONS

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Since emotional predominance is largely fostered by physical, environmental, and psychological factors, and is not the result of inheritance, changes in disposition” may occur at any age. They are most frequent during the early years of life, before emotional patterns have habitual.

The three most common causes of changes in the dominant emotions are environmental changes, physical changes, and changes in intellectual capacities. With environmental changes, the different treatment the person receives may readily bring about a revision in his self-concept, in his reactions to others, and in his outlook on life. These will undoubtedly influence the pattern of his emotional expression.

A child who has been accustomed to having the mother’s undivided attention may bitterly resent her preoccupation with a new sibling. He shows his resentments at the changed treatment he receives by frequent and intense outburst of anger and jealously; he this changes from a happy, calm child into a tense and irascible one.

The happy carefree adolescent may turn into a bored, unhappy, resentful, and dour adult. If a man feels that he has been deposed in his wife’s affection by her preoccupation with household duties and the care of children, he will suffer from resentment and frustration and a feeling of martyrdom and jealously of all which will change his disposition. Changes in a woman’s disposition may occur if her as mother and wife provides little personal satisfaction.

Physical changes, especially when they are pronounced and when they coincide with environmental changes and changes in social expectations, bring about radical changes in temperament, either temporary or permanent, depending on how the person adjusts to them. The moodiness may persist and he may become an anxious, gloomy, guilt-ridden adult.

While changes in temperament during old age may result, in part, from the general physical decline that accompanies aging, negative social attitudes toward the aging account for some of the changes. The tendency toward the apathy, loss of enthusiasm, emotional unresponsiveness, and irascibility come partly from the person’s realization of changed social attitudes towards him and toward his usefulness to society.

With changes in intellectual capacities come changes in interests and increased social and self insight. The happy-go-lucky schoolchild may readily develop into an anxious one if his parents pressure him to achieve academic success or if peers begin to regard him as the class clown. Cole and hall write: “ It my suddenly strike a third-grade child that schoolwork is competitive, and this new idea may generate in him a feeling of shame because he has thus far puttered happily about at the bottom of the class.

DIVORCED FAMILIES

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Divorce normally eliminates some of the friction so damaging to the home climate. But unless the family lives in a community where divorce is common, such a rupture in the family pattern is likely to stigmatize all family members in the eyes of the social group.

In most cases of divorce, the care of the children is awarded to the mother, and the damaging effects of living in solo home are compounded by the social stigma of being different and disgraced. Furthermore are usually given visiting privileges by the court when the divorce is granted, children experienced divided loyalties to their parents and develop the feeling of insecurity. They have three or four parents to adjust to, and they feel quite different from peers who have only two parents.

Divorce often means downwards social mobility for all family members because the income of the family must be divided to support two households. To avoid this or to minimize this impact, many divorced women work outside the home, turn the care of younger children over to a relative or servant, and expect the older children to assume heavier home responsibilities than their peers are expected to assume.

Variations ion the way family member adjust to divorce are greatly influenced by how much divorce upsets the accustomed patterns of family life, how the children adjust to a stepparents if their natural parents remarry, how old children are when the divorce occurs, how common divorce and stepparents are among families they are associated with, and many other conditions.

That divorce is damaging to the personalities of many children is evidences by a higher incidence of problem behavior and juvenile delinquency among children of divorce parents. It is also evidenced by their poorer personal and social adjustments, during both childhood and adulthood, in their schoolwork, their vocations, and their marriages.

Among parents, there are also marked differences in the personality effects of divorce. Some find divorce to be a happy solution to an unpleasant experience, and their personality improved after the friction that led up to the divorce ends. If they remarry and find happiness in their remarriages, this also favors personality improvement. When, on the other hand, divorce lead to a radically changed pattern of life, to loneliness, and to social stigma in a group where divorce is frowned upon, the effect on personality will be damaging.

EFFECTS OF DEVIANT FAMILY PATTERNS

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In a culture where being different is widely regarded as being inferior, it is not surprising that people feel ashamed and embarrassed if their family patterns differ from those of the people with whom they associate. Among adults, such feelings are a carry-over from their childhood experiences.

No family pattern is “deviant” unless it differs from other families in the group with which the person is identified in some conspicuous way. Divorce and remarriage may be considered deviant in one social group while, in other, they are so common as to be regarded as normal. Similarly’ in one group the majority of mother work outside the home, while in another only one or two mothers do.

Being different affects people of all age levels, though the effects are greatest in late childhood and early adolescence. A brief discussion of a few deviant family patterns will illustrate what the effects are.

Solo families-

When one parent is absent, due to death, divorce, desertion, separation, or some other cause, the home becomes a “solo” home, with one parent, usually the mother, playing the role of both parents.

The solo home may be a source of embarrassment to all family members or it may be a source of pride. If the father’s absence is due to divorce or desertion, it will usually be a source of embarrassment. If he is serving his country overseas in the armed force or is engaged in the occupation that requires frequent and long absences from home, his absence will probably be a source of pride. Members of social group judge the solo home by the same standards as family members, and so their judgments reinforce those of family members.

Since the child personality pattern is largely molded during the early years of life, the parent’s absence at this time leaves its mark on the child’s personality. When the father is away from home, then the mother tends to be more indulgent and less demanding in her child training. This encourages the child to be dependent and less mature than his age-mates conditions that jeopardize his social relationships and lead to unfavorable social judgments.

Lacking a source of masculine identification, boys are more likely to be psychologically damaged by the father’s absence from the home than are girls. By comparison with boys from homes where the father is present, boys from solo homes are usually more dependent and less sex appropriate in their behavior. Their poorer personal and social adjustments often lead to aggressive behavior and to poor school work. As a result, they are unfavorably judged by others.

The personality effect of a solo home is not limited to children. It is felt by parents as well as other family members. The father will have feelings of guilt about neglecting his children, even if supports them. He will be lonely and will envy fathers who can share their children’s lives. And he may be ashamed if he feels that he is unfavorably judged by outsiders.

Many wives resent the extra burden of work and responsibility placed on them in a solo home. They are lonely and often try to compensate for their loneliness by attaching themselves emotionally to their elder sons, whom they come to regard as surrogate husbands. Even more common, they are almost always anxious about their ability to play both the mother and father roles successfully. They try to overcome these unfavorable effects, in many cases, by remarriage.

Awareness Of Social Status

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                  A B V IIITM GWALIOR ( 30-march-2011)

            " sociempathic ability," the ability to perceive one's own and others' sociometric status, is at the basis of the influence that social acceptance has on personality. It determines the quality of the person's behavior, his adjustment to social situations, and his social effectiveness.

Up to the age of 4 or 5 years, the child is not clearly aware of how others feel about him. consequently , he is relatively uninfluenced by the degree of social acceptance he enjoys . After that age , he gradually becomes aware of how people feel about others and also about him.This awareness he show by such comments as " She doesn't like me so i don't like her ." In addition , the child begins to recognizes levels of preference . He recognizes that some children are liked better then others, some are disliked, and some are ignores. similarly he realizes that some people like him, some dislike him, and some ignore him.

              Each year as his social horizons broaden and as his opportunities for social contact increases , the young person's sociempathic ability improves. the accuracy of this ability helps to determine how much and what type of influence the group will have on him. If he believes, even incorrectly , that everyone likes him, he will develop a pattern of behavior quite different from that which he would develop if he believed everyone disliked him.

Importance Of Learning Opportunities

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                                       A B V IIITM GWALIOR MP ( 30-march-2011)

                   A person must have opportunities to learn how to behave in a socially approved way. If his attitudes toward people and social experiences are favorable, he will have the necessary motivation to take advantage of the learning opportunities . But motivation alone is not enough. His learning must be guided and controlled so that he will learn how to behave in a manner that will win social approval and acceptance. To be successful, guidance must help him learn how to get along with people and how to adjust his interests and desires to those of the members of the group with which he is identified. While a child may learn,through trial and error , how to behave in a socially accepted way, he may , before he is finally successful, have to do a lot of learning and unlearning . He may , for example, go through periods of being bossy, a poor sport, or a "crybaby" before he discovers that the methods he is using to make contacts with others are not socially acceptable.

                 Studies show that guidance contributes significantly to socialization. When preschool children play together without adult supervision or without the adults who are present actively seeking to guide them, their relationships are considerably more hostile than when they are supervised and provided guidance in playingf together in a friendly , cooperative way .

                  Since the basis for social contacts outside the home in early childhood is the play group, the child must be accepted by members of the play group if he is to have continued opportunities to learn to be social.Guidance from adult aids acceptance in many ways.it helps the children to play in a cooperative manner , helps him to acquire skills that make his play more helps him learn to play in a sex-appropriate manner.

                   One of the areas in which guidance can help the child to acquire skill is communication . In any play group, communication is essential to group belonging . just talking is not enough ; the child must talk about topics that interest his friends and he must talk in a manner that wins their approval . Without guidance , the child may talk almost exclusively about himself, which is boring to other children , or he may constantly boast , ridicule others, or make derogatory comments, which is ego-inflating but irritating to playmates.

Traditional beliefs about bodily effects

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There are many traditional beliefs about the influence of facial features, and body functioning on personality. Aristotle claimed that different facial characteristic, such as the color and texture of the skin and hair; the quality of the voice; the condition of the flesh; and the build of the body are related to certain personality characteristics. Facial features, he claimed, are the most accurate bodily indications of personality.

Through the years, the tradition that specific personality characteristics are associated with different body builds grew up. The rotund build, for example, was associated with the good “mixer”- the easy going person who gets along well with people, diplomatic, and lively. By contrast, people with third lankly builds were believed to be moody, introverted, and unsocial. As Shakespeare expressed these traditional beliefs through Caesar:

Let me have men about that are fat, sleek-headed men, and such as sleep o’nights.Yond Cassius has a lean and hungry look; he thinks too much, such men are dangerous.

Being able to classify people into personality types on the basis of facial features or body builds has a strong popular appeal because it provides an anchorage point for understanding and predicting behavior. As Hilgard has remarked, “if we know what to expect from fat people or from thin people or from red-headed people, then we can size up strangers and prepare ourselves to meet them on their own ground”.

Everyday observation of people reveal that there is a relationship between the body build of a person, his energy level, and his general health condition and the quality of his behavior. This has strengthened the traditional belief that there is a relationship between the body and the personality pattern.

This belief has been further strengthened by evidence from studies of atypical body builds and abnormal body functioning. Studies of the personality patterns of people with some atypical body condition, whether it be in structure or function, have revealed how close the relationship between the body condition and the personality pattern is. Even though present evidence indicates that the relationship is indirect rather than direct----in that the relationship pattern is influenced by social attitudes toward the body defect—the relationship is strong enough to justify the belief that the body plays a role of major importance in personality development.

Personal observation and traditional beliefs about physical structures and functions and theories about how the body influence are as great as Aristotle claimed centuries ago, but that the influence are of a different kind that was formerly recognized. In the following pages of this chapter, the important findings of these studies will be reported, grouped according to kind of body influences.

Effect of physical and psychological self-concepts

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Physical self-concepts are usually acquired before psychological self-concepts. The child thus has an image of his physical characteristics before he is aware of his abilities and disabilities, his wants and needs, his roles in life, and his aspirations. In building up his physical self-concepts, however, the child is not emotionally uninvolved. In discussing the physical self-concept, Jersild has stressed that “the body image is not just a photographic impression: in common with all other aspects of the way in which a person views himself, it is likely to be colored by feelings and attitudes”. Emotions also intrude on the development of psychological and self-concepts. In fact, this explains why physical and psychological self-concepts are so persistent and so difficult to change.

Gradually, the physical and psychological self-images fuse. When this happens, usually during late childhood, the feelings and attitudes accompanying the self-images will be fused also. Before the fusion, the young child perceives the physical and psychological aspects of him as quit distinct. Each year, as his intellectual capacities develop and as his experiences broaden, new qualities and new potentials are added to his gradually fusing physical and psychological self-concepts. By late childhood, when the fusion is completed he thinks of himself as one whole and single unit.

The physical self-concept begins to develop when the baby discovers the difference between himself and others. A fairly predictable pattern has been reported for the baby’s self-discovery from looking at himself in a mirror. At the age of 18 weeks, the baby notices himself in the mirror. Between 22 and 23 weeks, he plays with his image as if it were someone else. This has been called the playmate stage of self-discovery. Between the sixth and seventh months, the baby tries to relate his mirror image to himself. This he does by repetitive activity, such as opening and closing his mouth or by moving his hand or foot while observing his mirror image to see if there is a relationship between what he is doing and what he sees. The final stag, called the coy stage. Occurs around the ninth month when the baby seems to derive great pleasure from making faces and then laughing at them. By the time the child is a year old; his behavior shows true self-recognition. This is the basis from which his physical self-concept develops.

That a baby can distinguish himself from others even before he recognizes himself as a person is even before he recognizes himself as a person is apparent in the shyness he shows in the presence of others. Shyness appears first around the age of 6 months and may be accompanied by crying if some one frowns or speaks harshly to the child’s awareness of the difference between himself and others is expressed in negativism and in many other ways.

By comparing the size and shape of his own body with the bodies of other children and by hearing comments about his looks, the young child adds new meaning to his developing physical self-concept. Awareness of sex differences and of the clothing and hair styles associated with members of the two sexes comes around the age of 3 or 4 year. Also at this time, the child begins to identify himself as belonging to a certain ethnic or racial group, basing his identification on such physical characteristics as skin color and hair. By the age of 5 year, he expresses his self-concept in ethnic terms, such as white, black, Italian, or Jewish. When a child has parents of different ethnic backgrounds, he may not be able to identify himself as belonging to specific group.

Physical self-concepts change as bodily changes occur. When bodily changes are slow and relatively minor, as in later childhood ads early adulthood however the individual’s attention is focused in his rapidly changing appearance, and his physical self-concept changes from that of a child to that of an adult or near-adult. The person approaching old age likewise changes his physical self-concept. He may reluctantly give up thinking of himself as an adult in the prime of life and come to see himself as elderly and unattractive.

The psychological self-concept includes the person’s attitudes toward his abilities and disabilities, his special aptitudes, his roles in life, his responsibilities, and his hopes and aspirations. This self-concept develops later than the physical self-concept. Before it can develop, the person must have sufficient reasoning ability to be able to assess his capacities and abilities in terms of socially approved standards and compare him with others.

Social contacts with siblings provide the basis for the individual’s first assessment of his abilities. The child compares himself what he can do and how well he can do it with both younger older siblings. Later, he compares himself with children outside the home. Still later, as an adolescent and as an adult, he compares his abilities with those of his classmates in high school and college, of his coworkers in the business world, and of members of the community with whom he comes in contact in social activities.

Concepts of the roles one is expected to play, of responsibilities, and of aspirations follow much the same pattern of development. They originate in the individual’s relationships with his parents and teachers, and are later molded by contacts with peers, by reading, movies, television, and other forms of mass communication, and by members of the opposite sex for whom the individual has a romantic attachment. As was pointed out earlier, a girl who thinks scientists make bad husbands will encourage her boyfriend not to enter a scientific career. Similarly, men’s aspirations are often influence by the aspirations of their wives.

Effect of Obstacles to Achievement

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Many people who are willing and able to work are kept from achieving what they are capable of by obstacles over which they no control. For the most part these obstacles are environmental primarily unfavorable social attitudes based on sex, race religion or age. Women for example, rarely achieve the success they are capable of in are outside of home making. Prejudice against women exists in many occupations and in executive positions in the occupations in which they have been accepted.

Work dissatisfaction which contributes to poor achievement can come from other environmental factors than discrimination and unfavorable social attitudes. Students show that workers dissatisfaction comes mostly from factors peripheral to the job such as work rules, seniority, wages, and fringe benefits.

Academic achievement is often adversely affected by lace of social acceptance. Those who are well accepted perform better than those who are neglected and much better than those who are actually rejected. Poor academic work is common among those who are resentful because they do not receive the social acceptance they crave. Although some students try to compensate for lack of social acceptance by high academic achievement, this is a far less common source of motivate than is social acceptance.

Successful achievement is likewise hampered by subjective or personal factors. Theoretically, these are more easily controlled by the person than the objective or environment factors discussed above. In practice, however, they are so often the result of pressures from significant people- pressures to aspire unrealistically high- that the person is unable to control them. In addition, anxiety stemming form trying to achieve in unfamiliar situation or in situation which are associated with failure in the past militates against good performance even when the person is strongly motivated to achieve.

Poor achievement may come from the person’s unfavorable attitude toward self, from poor health from lack of motivation, and from many other subjective factors. Many people for example, accept the belief that with age they will reach a plateau in their achievements from which them less and less capable. This attitude deprives them of the motivation to work up to their capacities.

Many factors, both objective and subjective, obstruct achievement. When the person knows or suspects that he is capable of achieving more than he actually has, he feels guilty ashamed, and embarrassed if he believes that his lack of success stems from obstacles put in his path by members of social group, he feels resentful and martyred. In either case, his personality will be damaged.

Attitude toward brightness

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While attitudes toward brightness are, on the whole, more favorable than attitudes toward dullness, they are by no means uniformly favorable but differ from group to group to group. They differ, for example, from one school to another and from one group within a school to another group. In a school that puts high value on going to college, the attitudes toward bright students will be more favorable than in a school where most of the students take jobs as soon as they graduate. If the popular members of the class put low value on intellectual achievements, the general social attitude toward bright students is likely to be negative.

In the middle and upper socioeconomic groups, brightness is generally more highly valued than in lower socioeconomic groups. Superior intelligence and academic achievement are generally less valued among girls than among boys, and social attitudes toward bright girls are less favorable. As one bright high school girl explained. If you’re taller than the boys, it’s bad enough, but if you’re brighter, it’s fatal.

In general, brightness is more valued in adolescence than in childhood. Recognizing that education and vocational success are closely related and that higher education is limited to those who are bright enough to get into college, most adolescents place a higher value on intelligence than they did earlier. In fact, most adolescents place a higher value on intelligence and intellectual achievement than they are willing to admit. This is evident when they state that academic achievement is one of their major “problems” and when they rate intelligence high as a criterion in choosing a life mate.

Social attitudes are less favorable toward very high intellectual ability than toward moderate brightness. While peers may admire those who are bright, they often regard those who are very bright as “threats”. They feel uncomfortable with the very bright because, by comparison, they themselves feel stupid and dump. Furthermore, acceptance of the cultural belief that high intellectual ability and abnormality go hand in hand makes the peer group suspicious of everything the very bright person says or does.

Knowing that they are considered “different” or strange, the very bright are uneasy about what others think of them. This makes them feel inadequate in social relationships and thus intensifies the popular belief that they really are “strange”. Furthermore, having little in common with their peers, many very bright children and adolescents concentrate their energies on intellectual pursuits. This they do, in part because they find such pursuits more satisfying than the play of their peers and, in part, because they hope to win social acceptance in a peer group where intellectual achievement is highly valued.

As adults, those who are viewed by the social group as “intellectuals” or “eggheads” are aware of the unfavorable cultural stereotype of the unfavorable cultural stereotype of the very intelligent. Some try to disprove the stereotype because they feel socially isolate. Others become intellectual snobs as a form of compensation. This attitude leads them to engage in unsocial behavior, which tends to increase their unfavorable social image.

Effects of frustration on personality

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How a person reacts to frustrations influences the judgments of others and in turn the way he judges himself. Furthermore a person’s manner of reaching to frustrations tends to be consistent and so he soon acquires the reputation of being an immature or a mature person.

One of the commonest and earliest-to-appear patterns of reaction to frustration is aggression in which the frustrated person strikes out at an offending person or object, either physically or verbally and with varying degrees of intensity. While most aggression is extra punitive, in the sense that it is directed toward other, some is intro-punitive, or directed toward the person himself. Most often, however, aggression is displaced. Instead of attacking the person or obstacle responsible for the frustration or blaming himself, the aggressive person directs his attack toward an innocent person or group.

Even intense frustration may not be expressed directly or displaced because the channels for expression are blocked by fear of punishment or social disapproval. The frustrated person then withdraws into himself and becomes inactive, inattentive, and apathetic. He gives the impression that he either is indifferent to frustration and lacking in emotional responsiveness or is “weak” or “spineless”.

Some people regress by not “acting their ages” when faced with frustration. They long for the good old days when they felt capable of meeting life’s challenges and were not frustrated by feeling of adequacy. The married woman who feels incapable of meeting the responsibilities of home and family runs home to mother for help. The man, feeling that running home to mother is “childish,” goes to his pals where he can get his gripes off his chest as he did during the gang days of childhood.

Frustration form thwarted drives has long been regard as a precipitating factor in personality maladjustment. But there has not been universal agreement about exactly how the personality is affected because frustrations are not expressed in just one way. Freud placed emphasis on regression to infantile modes of response as the usual reaction to frustration. Jung contended that continual thwarting resulted in a turning inward of the libido or life urge, thus causing the person to become self-centered and reflective rather than overtly expressive characteristic behavior of the extrovert. Adler maintained that thwarting leads to compensation in which the person is motivated to overcome barriers either by overt behavior or by symbolic expression in fantasy. More recently, Lewin has claimed that the person who encounters seemingly insurmountable barriers will insulate himself from his environment by withdrawing into himself and showing the characteristic behavior of the introvert.

These and similar observations of the behavior of people in frustration situation have emphasized two things: first that there are marked individual differences in the way people react to frustration, with has found to fit his needs best, and second, that most patterns of behavior learned in frustrating situations result in maladjusted forms of behavior.

It is important to recognize, however, that frustration does not always lead to maladjustment. Some people try to relive the emotional stress caused by continued frustration by making a rational attack on the problem. If they fail, they will probably resort to the use of defense mechanism. Under such conditions, ,maladjusted behavior develops with its unfavorable effects on personality.

Variations in family influence on personality

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There is evidence that family relationships affect the personality patterns of the various members differently. A person who is quiet, introverted, and socially withdrawn is more influenced than is one who is extroverted and socially active. The former tends to brood over any unpleasant relationship, such as friction between parents or between siblings, while the extrovert has enough outside interests to turn his attention to other people when he finds relationships in the home unpleasant.

A person who is in poor health, regardless of age, is more influenced by family relationships than one who is healthy. He is less active socially and thus who is in poor health tends to brood more and to exaggerate if he were feeling better. A sick person may interpret a casual remark as a criticism, for example, while a healthy person would let it pass unnoticed.

Because girls and women spend more time in the home and with family than do boys and men, there is a sex difference in the effect family relationships have on personality. This difference is well illustrated in in-law relationships and grandparent-grandchildren relationships. Wives, it has been reported, are more influenced by their relationship with their mothers-in-law than with their father-in-law. Husbands are less influenced by their relationships with in-law of either sex than are wives.

Age differences in the effect of family relationships on personality are closely related to the amount of time people of different ages spend in the home and with family members. The more time spent in the home, the greater the influence of family members and vice versa.

The influence of different family members on the personality pattern of the individual depends on such conditions as the age of the person at the time, the amount of control a particular family member has over the person, the amount of time spent with the family member, and the emotional tie between the person and the family member.

In most homes, mothers spend more time with their children, have more control over them, and express their affection more overtly than fathers. As a result, mothers exert more influence over the child’s developing personality. A comparison of children from monomatric families, or families where the child is under the exclusive care of the mother, with those from polymatric families, where the care of the child is shared with another female, has revealed that, at the age of 6 months, babies form monomatric families are less irritable and easier to handle. At 1 year, they exhibit personality traits that make them better adjusted, both personality and socially, than babies from polymatric families. They are more active, are more emotionally responsive in their interactions with their mothers, and make social contacts with people outside the home more easily. They show the basic personality traits of well-adjusted people.

The monomatric relationship leaves its mark on the mother’s personality as well as the baby’s. The mother who assumes full care of her baby and continues to do so after the helpless months of babyhood are passed is more understanding and tolerant of childish behavior than is the mother who has shared her maternal duties with another female. She provides a healthier home climate for confident of her ability to perform her maternal role successfully, and this adds to her self-confidence and poise.

The effect of sibling relationships on the personality pattern of the sibling involved of varies according to their age, the control exerted by one sibling over another and the affection that exists between them. Younger siblings are as a rule, more influenced by older siblings than the reverse because the younger tends to hero-worship the older and tries to imitate him. Siblings of them same sex tend to have close emotional ties, while those of the opposite sex often have a frictional relationship because the boy develops a feeling of superiority, which his sister resents.

Of all relatives outside the immediate family, grandchildren and grandparents have the greatest influenced on each other’s personality patterns. Grandmothers have more influence on and are more influenced by grandchildren than grandfathers. Grandmothers and grandchildren spend more time together, grandmother exercise greater control over the grandchildren, and the emotional tie between the two is stronger than that between grandfather and grandchildren.

In summary, then, while it is evident that family relationships have a marked influence on the personality patterns of all family members, the influence is far from equal. That is why, in considering the effects of the family, one must remember that they very according to the kind of relationship that exists and the family members who are involved.

In the remaining sections of this chapter, some of the most important family relationships and the ones that have received the greatest research attention will be discussed. It is believed that this resume of the evidence will support the statement at the beginning of the chapter that family relationships play a role second to none in the development of the self-concept. First, a brief discussion of the effects of the home’s emotional climate on the personalities of family members will serve to emphasize the pervading influence of family relationships.

EMOTIONAL CLIMATE OF THE HOME

While emotional climate of the school has a strong influence on personality, as was discussed. It is much less important than that of the home. First, the individual spends a relatively short time in school as compared with the time spent in the home, and second, the school affects only the child or the adolescent, not the parents, the grandparents, or other relatives.

It is true that the effect of the emotional climate of the school can carry over to the home. But this effect can be counteracted or minimized by the emotional climate of the home, or if the two are similar, they may reinforce each other. On the other hand, the home climate is a prime determinant of the child’s adjustments to school. And the emotional climate of the school can do little to change the effect or the home on his pattern of adjustment.

Effects of home climate on personality

The emotional climate of the home directly influences the person’s characteristic pattern of behavior and his characteristic adjustment to life. If the home climate is favorable, the individual will react to personal problems and frustrations in a calm, philosophical manner and to people in a tolerant, happy, and cooperative way. If the home climate is frictional, he will develop the habit of reacting to family members and outsiders as well in a hostile or antagonistic way.

Indirectly, the home climate influences the person by the effect it has on his attitudes towards people. If the child perceives his mother showing favoritism toward a sibling, he develops an attitude of resentment toward people in positions of authority. Many who become radial nonconformists do so because their resentment of parental authority has developed into resentment against all in authority.

Conditions contributing to a favorable home climate

When family members are capable of empathy or of putting themselves in the psychological shoes of other family members and viewing situations from their frame of reference, they behave in such a way as to make family relationships pleasant and harmonious.

If you can learn a simple trick, scout, you’ll get along a lot better with all kinds of folks. You’ll never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view. . . . until you climb into his skin and walk around in it.

When everyone in the family realize how an aged parent feels about having to move into the home of a married daughter and tries to make him feel welcome, for example, harmonious relationships will be possible and the home climate will be far pleasanter than if empathy were lacking.

Empathy is greatly aided by communication between family members. The breakdown in communication between parents and adolescent children contributes heavily to home friction. Many parents face a dilemma when they must choose between allowing their teen-age children to communicate freely and imposing the rule that if you can’t say something nice, don’t say anything at all.

A good home climate, fostered by communication between family members, is possible when there is respect for the opinions of others. Even if family members disagree, mutual respect helps to reduce friction. Open communication and respect for the opinions of other usually lead to reasonable expectations among family members. When the mother communicates to the members of her family why she needs their help more when she takes a second job and works outside the home as well as in, they show that their expectations for her contribution to family life are reasonable by assuming some of the duties she previously carried. If a person tries to conform to unreasonable expectations, friction is almost inevitable, and certainly tension and discontent will rise.

Among adults, togetherness meets the needs of some family members more than others. The companionship of spouses, children, and relatives is more important for women than men. Adults who come from families with strong traditional religious values, as is true of those of the Catholic and Jewish faiths, stress togetherness more than those of protestant faiths of those whose interest in religion is weak.

Too much togetherness can intrude on the independence of family members and can thus be harmful. While most people believe they are capable of handling more independence than others give them credit for, a reasonable amount of independence keeps them form feeling that they being “bossed” or “regimented”. There would be less friction between mothers and teen-age daughters, for example, if the daughters were given more autonomy in choosing their own clothing. The right clothing means so much to teen-age girls that they often regard lack of independence in this area as no independence at all.

Independence can be carried to the pint where it jeopardizes family stability, however. At any age, to feel secure, one needs stability in his pattern of living and in his relationship with significant people. Especially during the early years of life, a frictional home climate, with constant threats, of disruption due to the divorce or separation of parents, can be so damaging to the personality disorders. All family members are affected adversely, but those who are very young are particularly vulnerable. This matter will be discussed later in the section dealing with deviant families.

Damaging as lack of stability in the pattern of living is to the home climate, lack of stability, or inconsistency, in family expectations is even more so. The child who does not know what is expected of him or the adult who is unsure of the role he is expected to play usually vacillates between one possibility and another. This vacillation, through its influence on family relationships, disrupts the pattern of family living.

Some friction is inevitable in family life. How disagreements are expressed, however, will determine whether the home climate will be favorable or not. The most common ways of expressing disagreements are criticism of the opinions and actions of others, attempts to reform another’s behavior or change his attitudes and beliefs, nagging, ridiculing, and a far less common method discussing different points of view in a calm, rational, and objective way to help others understand them.

There are also a number of ways of trying to solve a disagreement and, thus, ending a conflict having one family member give in for the sake of peace and harmony, and compromising, with each family member modifying his pint of view somewhat after he sees and understands the pints of view of the other members.

Only the last method compromise will lead to a favorable home climate. While a truce or a cooling off period will help temporarily, the friction is almost sure to recur. Giving in to another's demands for the sake of harmony is likely to encourage bullying tactics. The person comes to believe that he can dominate by “making a fuss”. This always leads to deterioration in the home climate.

Criticizing and ridiculing are ego deflation for the person attacked, and he bitterly resents them. In his resentment, he retaliates, and this strains the family relationship, how criticism of a family member affects the home climate is illustrated.

Effect of Excessive Love

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Too much love leads to excessive mothering, or over, protectiveness, and is as bad psychologically as too little. As early as the turn of the century, Freud asserted that too much “parental tenderness” accelerates the child’s sexual maturity, awakens a “disposition” for neurotic diseases, spoils the child, and makes him unable to be satisfied with smaller amounts of love in later life. This point of view was echoed by John. Watson, who in the warned that too much mother love was damaging to the child’s personality development.

Later studies demonstrated that babies and young children showered with to much parental young affection developed personality patterns that ill-fitted them to face life alone. During World War II, the long- term effects of excessive mothering became the focus of scientific concern when it was found that more young men were being rejected by the armed services for psychological than for physical reasons. Strecker brought to public attention the damage caused by “momism” and “smother love” when he reported that overprotective mothers turn their sons and daughters into immature, dependent adults.

Further research has justified Strecker’s claims about the psychological damage of too much affection, especially during the early, formative years. The person who is smothered with affection by over demonstrative and over solicitous parents is likely to turn inward because he lacks motivation to express affection for others. Such a person focuses his attention on others, becoming spoiled, selfish, and self-centered. In time, he may rebel against such treatment and begin to rebutff demonstrations of affection, not only from his mother but from anyone else who tries to show affection for him. This leads to a generalized rebellion against authority and a negativistic attitude toward others.

The overmotherd child who does not rebel is likely to become submissive, gullible, conservative, and lacking in aggressiveness, self-confidence, and leadership qualities. He depends on others for attention, affection, approval, and encouragement in everything he undertakes, and he is lonely and unhappy when away from those who supply the affection he craves.

The emotionally dependent person rarely achieves up to capacity. In school, the parent dependent child looks to his teachers for special attention, approval, and affection. If he does not receive it, he does poor work and thus becomes even more dependent on his parents for affection. He also tends to become intellectually rigid and to have difficulty adjusting to new situations and people.

Parents who smother their child with love generally have unrealistically high levels of aspiration for him, and so he develops strong feelings of guilt, inadequacy, and resentment when he falls below their expectations. He may wind up biting his nails, stuttering, blinking his eyes, etc. he generally lacks emotional control, has a low level of frustration tolerance, and is afraid to act his age because of lack of self-confidence.

The firstborn child is more likely to be the victim of excessive mothering than the later-born. And a boy is more likely to be overmothered than a girl. The firstborn child experiences a high-pitched emotional relationship with his mother at first. Normally the intensity of the relationship steadily diminishes as the family grows and as the child him-self begins to assert his natural desire for independence. Excessive mothering is more common in the upper socioeconomic groups and among mothers who have experienced marital adjustment problems or who were deprived of affection in their own childhood.

Cogent and effect of Suicide

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It is rare adolescent, who does not, at sometime or other, think of killing himself because he is a “failure” or because he believes world is “unfair” to him. Relatively few adolescents go beyond talking, though some do try to commit suicide, if for no other reason than frighten their parents or teachers in to treating them better in the future.

When threats or suicide attempts occur frequently, they are one of the most serious danger signals of maladjustment. They not only show how self-reject ant the person is but also how hopeless about his life situation. Sometimes suicide attempts are impulsive and sometimes premeditate. Sometimes the person hopes that, by showing other, how great his self rejection is he will get them to help with his problems and will, certainly, get them to treat him more sympathetically.

Suicide is in most cases, a sudden precipitous reaction to stressful situation resulting from frustration, depression, overt or masked or rebellious act against a restraining figure, a loved one. It is intended to frighten and to cause the restraining person to change an attitude or behavior towards the victim. It is often intended as a warning to parents or loved ones as an expression or dissatisfaction or displeasure which existing unpleasant situation and as a plea for improved relationship.

Personality patterns of suicide victims
Clinical studies of people of different ages who commit suicide, who attempt to do so, or who meet their daily problems by talking about suicide reveal that they are strongly self-reject ant. Sometimes this self-reject ant attitude comes from accumulated failures, often failures which they have convinced themselves are due to no fault of their own, and sometimes it comes from the loneliness which results not from environmental isolation but from social isolation.

Regardless of the cause of the self-reject ant attitude, the personality pattern associated with it is characterized by depression and anxiety: by feelings of extreme inadequacy and inferiority; by a belief that the situation is so hopeless that the person is completely helpless to cope with it and is, therefore, a martyr by the belief that he is the victim of prejudice: by the belief that members of the social group consider him “useless” and by marked feelings of guilt and shame which have led to self-contempt. Most people who are suicide-prone have long histories of gloominess, withdrawal, anxiety, and other problems. They have suffered from personality sicknesses which in greater and greater self-rejection.

Danger periods in suicide
There are certain predictable times when suicide and suicide attempts are more likely to occur. These danger periods coincide with those times in the life span when adjustments are especially difficult and when emotional stress is most common. A person who is poorly adjusted finds if particularly difficult to adjust to the problems that are normal for person of his age. When he sees his problems mounting, he becomes increasingly self-reject ant, feeling that he is more of a failure than he was earlier.

Adolescence, with its myriad adjustment problems, is one of the peak danger periods. While the suicidal impulse may have developed earlier, often in later childhood, it is strongest between the ages of 14 and 18 years. This is the most difficult time in the adolescent span for the young person to adjust to his new status and to new social expectations. If he adjusts with reasonable success, suicide-proneness decreases.

For women, another critical period comes at middle age, usually between 45 and 54 years. This is a time when women have many difficult adjustments to make, owing to their role-status change as their children grow up and as they find satisfying employment difficult to obtain. The feeling of uselessness and futility which these adjustment problems give rise to intensify any already-existing maladjustment they may experience.

Men, by contrast, do not reach a critical period until they face the problems that retirement gives rise to, at the age of 65 or later. If, in addition, they suffer from poor health and feel that their days of usefulness are over, they too experience a feeling of futility. This, combined with any existing maladjustment, predisposes them to think of suicide as the best solution to their problems shows the critical periods for suicide and suicide attempts.

Deprivation of love

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Deprivation of any emotion is harmful to the personality, but deprivation of love is especially damaging. As Jersild says, “there is something emotionally satisfying about being, loved, and there also is something very practical about it”. Harlow speaks of love as “a wondrous state, deep, tender and rewarding”. Love includes not only the condition of being loved but also the act of loving. If it is to contribute positively and maximally to personality development, it must be developmentally appropriate in terms of quality, quantity, and method of expression.

In the early years of life, the child tries to behave in such a way as to gain parental warmth and acceptance. Later, he learns behavior patterns which bring him parental approval and, at the same time, provide him with effective ways of gratifying his own needs. This frees him from some of the vulnerability that emotional dependence brings. Emotional warmth from love likewise serves to stimulate intellectual development.

Deprivation of an affectionate relationship is most damaging in early childhood. Deprivation at this time may come from institutionalization of the baby or child, owing to the economic or marital status of the parents, the health of the baby or mother, the death of one or both parents, or some other cause. A child may be rejected or neglected by his parents because they favor a sibling or have other things to do. Some parents believe that showing affection for the child will “spoil” him and make him feel too important. “under-the –roof alienation”-¬¬¬as this kind of deprivation is called is more common in the American culture than deprivation due to institutionalization show some common causes of deprivation of love.

Many adults experience deprivation of love, especially in old age and after the death or divorce of a spouse. Deprivation can be almost as damaging to the self-concept in adulthood as in childhood.

Just as a child can suffer under-the-roof alienation, an adult may continue to live with a spouse but be “emotionally separated” from him. In many such cases, the individuals try to compensate for their own deprivation of love by focusing their affection on a child or by having extramarital love affairs.

Unmarried adults, too, experience deprivation of love, whether their failure to marry is due to choice or inability to attract a member of the opposite sex. Devotion to aging parents or to the children of relatives and friends rarely compensates for lack of an enduring affectionate relationship with a member of the opposite sex.

In old age, as in childhood, the major source of affection is normally the family. Even elderly people who are happily married and have interests of their own are rarely able to achieve emotional independence from their children. But in many cultures, the elderly are psychologically, if not economically, rejected by their children and grandchildren. This deprivation of affection is especially damaging when failing health, loss of a spouse or former friends, or the necessity of moving into an institution or into the home of a family member brings about social isolation from non family members who might otherwise supply the elderly person with some of the affection he needs and craves.

Patterns of show behavior

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One of the most common forms of showing of is boasting about one’s achievements, possessions, and social contacts. Whether it id the child who boasts of his larger and better toys, the adolescent who boasts of his romantic conquests, or the adult who boasts of his important friends, often subtly by name dropping, the fundamental source of satisfaction is the ego inflation he hops to achieve from the admiration of others. It is more likely to lead to social disapproval than to admiration.

Clowning, in any situation and at any age, can be counted on to get a laugh. However, the laugh often turns to disapproval scorn, or contempt. Even children soon become annoyed at the class clown’s disruption of what they wanted to do and are contemptuous of his silliness and showing off. The life of the panty discovers that the temporary social attention he wins does not effectively increase his social acceptance.

Making derogatory comments and name calling and show-off techniques that are often substituted for clowning. By adolescence, these techniques of ego inflation are both common and situation his peers likewise criticize, such as teachers and the school, he wins far less social disapproval than if he directs then toward a member of the peer group of a popular adult.

The daredevil who takes unreasonable chances and defies authority has a marked feeling of personal inadequacy which he is trying to compensate for. By accepting dares and doing things that most of his peers and afraid do, he hops to win both admiration and acceptance. While both boys and girls engage in daredevil acts, they are far more common among boys. They are more common among children than among adolescents, who have discovered that dare deviltry, like clowning, wins only temporary admiration and may lead to injuries.

Accident proneness may be regarded as a danger signal of personality sickness. If a person has more than his share of accidents because of his tendency to show off and try to steal the lime relight, it is an indication that he feels neglected, a feeling that encourages self-rejection. In speaking of accident prone children who feel hopeless about making themselves understood tend to do something to get attention, smash things or hurt themselves, until. If no one comes to the rescue, they get the habit.

Dyeing authority, in the forms of rules and laws laid down by parents, teachers and law- enforcement authorities, is a common show- off technique. Some of the ways self reject ant young people try to inflate their ego are by smoking, drinking –glue-sniffing, driving faster than the legal speed limit and using narcotics. Since smoking not forbidden by law, many adolescents substitute if for t he more dangerous forms of showing off that they may lead to conflict with the law.

Which form of defiance young people will use to inflate their egos will depend largely of what meets their personal needs best and which forms will have the greatest defiance value. As adolescent smoking is far more common and more widely accepted than formerly, it has lost much of its show-off value in favor of drinking, which is still disapproved by parents and teaching and governed by rules in many schools and colleges and by laws in the states. Here is one explanation of the present popularity of marijuana smoking as form of show-off behavior.

Part of pot’s attraction is “doing something illegal together”. To most psychiatrists, the increase in marijuana smoking represents not so much a search for now thrills as the traditional, exhibitionist rebellion of youngsters against adult authority. Parents who are agreeable to students, drinking almost always boggle at drugs. There is not much that students can do that is defiant. They think with some degree of glee about what their parents would think if the know they were smoking marijuana.

Effects of names on personality

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While most people think of names as a way of identifying others, there is evidence that names also a psychological aspect- names play a role of some importance in our mental life, and may even influence our conduct is subtle ways which we fail to recognize. Scientific evidence of the psychological effects of names of the bearer’s self-concept is a relatively recent, but there is historical evidence that as early as 2000 B.C. people thought proper names had the power to determine the bearer’s destiny.

The effect of names on personality begins at birth and extends throughout life.

A child’s name, like his somatstype, is generally a settled affair when his first breath is drawn and his future personality must then grow with in its show. A powerful meromorphic boy must experience a different world from his puny counterpart: and similarly a boy who answers to a unique, peculiar or feminine name may well have experiences and feelings in growing up that are quite unknown. One would expect these different childhood experiences to be reflected in the subsequent personality. It is plausible and confirmed by clinic experience to assume also that some individuals are seriously affected as a result of a peculiar name.

Names and Nicknames

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Names have always been used as symbols to identity people and to indicate status in the group, family, connection, religious affiliation occupation and other personal details. This is true of primitive as well as civilized people.

It was Freud, however, who first emphasized that names are symbols self in that they are representations of the personality pattern of the bearer and as such, are used by others in making their judgment of him. Following this beginning, many studies have shown that names are not only a symbol but are also a determinant of his personality.

The symbolic role of names was stressed further by Freud in his explanation of the forgetting of names. Freud stated that the motivation for forgetting is to repress unpleasant association with the person who bear a for getter name. When the name touches off or is connected with some unpleasant association, the person may forget, distort, or repress the unpleasant association.

While Freud’s interpretation of forgetting is questioned by many psychologists today, it is a useful reminder of the symbolic value of names. If a person is known to others only by his name, they will judge him by it and endow him the pleasant and unpleasant qualities which they associate with his name, whether the qualities fit him or not. Thus, his name may be either an asset or a barrier to his socialization.

All port has referred to names as an “anchorage point or self hood” names are identity symbols. Murphy is justified in saying that on of the most important parts of a person is his name/p.

Body control

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Good body control is a personal and social asset which contributes heavily to the person’s self-concept. The effect of body control on personality may be direct or indirect. The direct effect comes from determining what the person can do and how well he can do it. The direct effect is also evident in motivation. When a person is self-conscious about his poor body control, he may be so concerned about unfavorable social reactions that he will lack the motivation to do what he is capable of doing.

Indirectly, body control influences personality through the effect the person’s body control has on the attitudes of significant people in the social group. Because of the high social value placed on good body control, as shown in motor skills, strength, and speed, the person’s self-concept is damaged by poor control.

Awareness of social value of body control

Even before the young child discovers the social value of good body control, he derives satisfaction from being his own master and from being able to do what he sets out to do without help. In his early peer contacts, the child discovers that social acceptance depends largely on his ability to do what his age mates do and that leadership depends largely on superior play skills.

The schoolchild discovers that academic success is greatly influenced by the ability to do things which require skilled movements and that the confidence these build up encourages him to tackle new tasks. By adolescence, he is well aware that great prestige is attached to physical competence. Boys who excel in sports and girls who excel in social dancing are in the limelight of peer attention. Good body control is the key to social success.

In adult life, gracefulness and poise add to social success, while motor skills add to vocational success. At the basis of much of the feeling of inadequacy and self-consciousness noted among older people is the loss of body control which results from changes in the neuromuscular system and in the bones and joints-changes which are a natural accompaniment of the aging process.

Effects of body control on personality

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At all ages, good body control enhances the self-concept in two ways. First, it fosters the development of self-confidence, which is expressed in a calm assurance, poise, and a willingness to try new things in the belief that they can be mastered. In time, self-confidence become generalized and spreads to situations where motor control is not involved. Second and more important, good body control encourage a feeling of security in social situations. This frees the person to turn his attention away from self and toward other, thus enabling him to make good social adjustments. He does not have to worry about how his body will function in social situations, whether he will be clumsy and do embarrassing things. The role of motor not control in the development of the self-concept has been stressed.

The psychological damage of awkwardness comes from different experiences at different ages. A young child must depend on others to do things for him he would like to do for himself. This dependency is a source of constant irritation and frustration.

The older child who is unable to keep up with his age-mates is embarrassed and ashamed. As such upsetting experiences accumulate, he develops a generalized feeling of inadequacy and inferiority, and his self-concept is damaged by feelings of shame. In time, he is likely to develop an inferiority complex.

Children who fall below their age-mates in play skills experience social rejection or voluntarily withdraw from the play group to avoid the embarrassment that comes from being considered awkward and clumsy. They are thus not only deprived of opportunities to improve their body control but also confirmed in their belief that they are inferior.

Not realizing that rapid physical growth can disrupt patterns of coordination established when the body was smaller, the young adolescent will wonder if something is wrong with him when he spills or breaks things, trips over rugs, and stumbles over his own feet. Ridicule and criticism from others add to his embarrassment and increase his feelings of inadequacy.

Temporary loss of body control during periods of rapid growth has a far less damaging effect on personality than permanent loss of control. However, if temporary awkwardness goes on too long, as in the slow mature at puberty, if can lead to a habitual concept of oneself as an awkward person even after the awkwardness has passed.

Decline in body control is one of the chief causes of the unfavorable self-concept that characterizes many elderly people. Feelings of inadequacy and inferiority arise when they compare themselves with younger people of with their own younger selves, and so they tend to shun motor activities and become dependent on others. As in young children, dependency in old age leads to frustration and unhappiness.

Since loss of motor control increases with advancing age, the damaging effect of awkwardness on the self-concept intensifies. Most elderly people are ashamed of their awkwardness, especially in situations where they must be with younger people who are likely to be critical of them or overprotective.

Left-handedness is often detrimental to good personal and social adjustment. Since manual dexterity affects the person’s educational and vocational success, it influences his self-concept. When the cultural group tends to favor the use of the right and to regard the left-handed person as “different,” the left-handed person’s mirror image, or social self-concept, is certain to be unfavorable.

Psychological pain-killers

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The attention value of using such techniques as drinking smoking, and taking drugs to defy authority and their value as a means of inflating the ego lead some people to reply upon them to ease the psychological pain that comes from self-dissatisfaction and self-rejection. People discover, often by trial and error, that psychological pain can be eased by any technique that helps them to forget their troubles temporarily. This they may discover very early, even before they recognize the attention value of defying authority.

As psychological pains increase, may people follow the same path that they use easing physical pain; they increase the frequency of use and the intensity of the pain-killer. Just as some people become addicted to the use of aspirin or codeine, so some become addicted to the use of psychological pain-killers.

Today it is recognized that a person who has become addicted to any technique to deaden the psychological pain of self-rejection is suffering from personality sickness. Instead of condemning him for weakness of will power, as was formerly done, most people approve the new trend, which involves finding out what is responsible for the personality sickness so that its cause can be eliminated and the use of pain-killers made unnecessary.

In many cases, the infrequent and moderate use of psychological pain-killers cannot correctly be regarded as a danger signal of personality sickness. The motivation for their use may be social doing what everyone dose or merely the desire to attract attention.

On the other hand, their user may be regarded as a danger signal under three conditions: first, if they are used more often in solitude than in social settings; second, if they are used so frequently and with such intensity that they attract negative attention only pity or contempt; and third, if they are used much more often by those who are not well liked or who are socially inadequate than by those who are popular and who make good social adjustments. “Addictions,” write Stewart and Liv-son, “are not isolated habits but expressions of pervasive personality tendencies”.

Studies of people of different ages who are addicted to psychological pain-killers reveal that certain personality traits are characteristic among them. They are usually less popular and more rebellious, withdrawn, irresponsible, and easily dominated by parents or spouses than non-addicts. In describing the personality characteristics of the young male narcotic addict, Gilbert and Lombardi write.

He appears to be the kind of irresponsible, undependable, egocentric individual who has a disregard for social mores, acts on impulse, and demands immediate gratification of his wants. He is impatient and will act out aggressively against authority or others who thwart his desires. This acting out may then be followed by feelings of guilt and depression which can only be alleviated by more drugs..... Thus, the use of drugs may seem to him to be the only realistic solution to his problems at least it offers him a temporary relief from the pain of living.

Morality

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Every cultural group has its own mores or standards of approved behavior. Certain acts are “right” because they further the welfare of the members of the group, they further are “wrong” because they are detrimental to the welfare of the group. The most important mores are incorporate into laws with specific penalties for breaking them. Other persists as customs, which are as binding as laws, but without specific penalties.

The individual’s intellectual capacities affect his response to the group’s moral standards. The moral behavior of the individual, in turn, is closely related to his adjustment to life, to the judgments others make of him, and to his judgments of himself. In general, the more closely his behavior conforms to the moral standards of the group with which he is identified, the more favorable will be the effects on his personal and social adjustments.

If a child violates the mores of the group, he is excused on the ground the he is too young to understand or to know the mores. However, by the tine he reaches adolescence, he is considered capable of understanding and abiding by the mores, and if he fails to do so he will earn an unfavorable reputation among the group members, make himself vulnerable to punishment or threats of punishment, and develop feelings of guilt. Conformity to the group’s mores, on the other hand, will lead to group approval and personal satisfaction.

The person learns, from his personal experiences, that it is to his advantage to conform standards of behavior set by the group, even though he may not at all times agree with the standards.

Intelligent individuals know that right conduct is simply intelligent conduct- the conduct that gets the best results... They tend to choose the right conduct simply because they see it as the course of action that produces the best consequences. An intelligent child or adult discovers he can get what he wants in life more easily and surely by honesty than by deception.

Development of moral codes No one is born knowing what the cultural group considers right or wrong. This he must learn. Even more important, if he wishes to win group approval, he must be motivated to choose, from different potentials for action, that which will satisfy his own need and at the same time conform to group standards.

Learning what the group approves of is a long and difficult process-a process that depends on the maturation of intellectual capacities, especially the capacities for remembering, associating what one learns with previously learned facts, and weighing the merits against the demerits of the different choices.

Moral development is the process in which the child acquires the values esteemed by his community....acquires a sense of right and wrong in terms of these values, and ... learns to regulate his personal desires and compulsions so that, when a situational conflict arises, he does what he ought to do rather than what he wants to do.... Moral development is the process by which a community seeks to transfer the egocentricity of the baby into the social behavior of the mature adult.

A moral code is based on moral concepts which have been learned gradually over a long period. The fundamental concepts are broadened and reinforced by learning from teachers, from adults in authority, and from peers.

Because of his intellectual immaturity, the young child cannot understand why certain things are right and others wrong. He learns to act as he is expected to without knowing why. Gradually, with increasing mental ability, he can see common features in apparently dissimilar situations. Then he can apply what he has learned in one situation to another situation. Specific moral concepts gradually become more general, more abstract, and more extensive.

As the individual grows older and as his social contacts broaden, he learns new moral concepts and generalizes old moral concepts to apply to new situations. By adulthood, he can apply moral concepts to an increasing range of conflicting life situations. In addition, he can ascribe different degrees of rightness or wrongness to acts, judging some as less wrong and some as more wrong. By this time, the person’s moral code, based on concepts learned in childhood and adolescence, is well formed. Any change in it is likely to be merely a shift in emphasis rather than the development of new concepts. When a shift occurs, it is largely in the direction of more conventional morality. This is especially true in the areas of areas of morality that relate to sex behavior.

INFLUENCE OF INTELLIGENCE ON DEVELOPMENT OF MORAL CODES The person’s ability to develop a moral code to guide his behavior is greatly influenced by his intellectual capacities, though other factors may aid or the development. The brighter factors may son, the more able he is t understand the moral concepts he learns, to perceive the situations in which they apply, and to profit from experience. The short attention span which is characteristic of people of low intelligence is related to impulsive behavior. Poor reasoning power results in lack of foresight and planning which, if combined with impulsiveness, often leads to behavior that violates the moral standards of the group. At every age, those of high IQ tend to be more mature in their moral judgments and behavior than those of the lower intellectual levels.

Immoral behavior is by no means found only in persons of low intelligence. On the other hand, socially unapproved methods of meeting life’s problems are more common in them. Deceit, for example, offers a means of solving difficulties which a person of limited intellectual capacity is more likely to use than a person of higher intelligence. The latter can adjust to his difficulties without being deceitful, although there is no guarantee that he will have the motivation to do so. He may find if easier to cheat than to be honest. And since he is clever, he will be able to cheat without detection more than those who are less clever.

Effects of age of achievement on personality

2010-12-08T12:55:00.001+05:30

One of the most damaging aspects of failure is not achieving success and social recognition when the person hoped and expected to do so. The dissatisfaction the person experiences intensified by the realization that others with whom he has competed many have achieved success and social recognition earlier than he.

Many people have unrealistic aspirations about when they will reach goals which they are perfectly capable of reaching—but at somewhat later time. The athlete who hopes to win an Olympics gold medal when he is 16 might more realistically set his goal for the age of 19. So long as the person realizes that reaching the goal he has set will take time and effort and that social recognition of his achievement is usually later than the achievement itself, he will not think of himself as a failure. Many people however are unrealistic about the time, effort and planning needed to win success and recognition and that is why even successful achievement coming later than the person hoped can be damaging to the self concept.

By contrast, one of the greatest sources of satisfaction is achieving success and social recognition earlier than anticipated and earlier than one’s competitors. Under such conditions the effect on the self-concept is favorable. It may be so favorable as to lead to delusions of grandeur and a superiority complex--- a situation that will, in time, counteract favorable social judgments, prove damaging to the self- concept and put the person in a position where he will try to justify his delusions.

Effects of being well dressed

2010-11-15T13:45:00.005+05:30

Studies reveal that people who are judged by others as being among the “best dressed of their group feel considerably better about themselves” than those who are grouped as less well dressed. The best dressed are friendlier, more vivacious, and more talkative, they have a more active social life; and they are more popular and more likely to be selected as leaders. Knowing that they make a good impression on others, they are less self- conscious, less self-centered, and less anxious. Since they feel at ease, they behave in a natural, friendly way. As a result, they enjoy greater social acceptance than those whose behavior is judged less favorable.

By adolescence, boys and girls recognize the value of clothing in making a good impression. As a result, they become extremely clothes-conscious and are willing to sacrifice other pleasure to buy the kind of clothes they want. They not only want to create the impression that they are well dresses, but they also want their clothes to tell others what “type” of person they are and what group they belong to.

Effects of being poorly dressed
Being poorly or inappropriately dresses can make a person feel uncomfortable and self- conscious. His un-easiness and lack of confidence adversely affect the judgments of others as well as his level of social acceptance. Feeling inadequate and inferior, he is likely to develop a self- rejecting attitude and to be shy, to be self-effecting and uncooperative. He develops a defensive, non participatory attitude toward social activities, claiming that they bore him. He develops a strong almost fearful distaste of prominence and leadership roles and withdraws from any situation in which he might have to be in the spot light.

Worrying a bout the impression he is making on others causes the poorly dressed person to become tongue-tied. He then gives the impression of being dull or bored. This accentuates his lack of social acceptance and intensifies his desire to be inconspicuous and to withdraw from the social situation as soon as possible. Occasionally a poorly dressed person will talk in a nervous and compulsive way to distract attention from his clothes, or he will apologize for his own appearance and criticize that of others.

Only a person who is well know for achievement, his wealth, or his social position can afford to be poorly dressed if he wants to be favorably judged. Even the most eminent person, however can not count on being favorably judged is others do not know of his achievements or recognize the symbols of his position.

Being poorly dressed over a long period is likely inferiority complex. Should economic adversity or some other condition force a person to adopt a style of dress much below what he has been used to, it will lead to feelings of martyrdom in addition to feelings of inferiority? These feelings are responsible for some of the unfavorable attitudes toward self that are so prevalent among elderly people.

Fear of being unfavorably judged by others leads many adolescents and adults to use questionable devices to obtain the clothing they feel is essential to social approval. Many cases of shoplifting and petty thievery, especially among girls, have been attributed to the desire to obtain clothes, costume jewelry, and other aids to personal adornment which they or their parents can not afford. Adults seeking advancement in the business world often borrow or spend beyond their means to buy expensive clothes.

Effects of Clothing on Personality

2010-11-11T14:40:00.005+05:30

Clothing symbolizes important characteristics of the wearer and influences the judgments others make of him. It influences the concept of self because the person tends to think of himself as other think of him. How greatly clothing will affect personality will depend on how will it symbolizes characteristics that the group regard as significant at that time. It will also depend on how well clothing meets the personal needs of wearer at the some time. When a person has a particularly strong craving for social acceptance, for example, his clothing may contribute to the poise and self-confidence he needs to make favorable impression.

Girls with large body builds that are regarded by their peers as sex-inappropriate often select, simple dark clothing in the hope that it will make their size less conspicuous. People who sociable and want to attract attention favor bright color and flamboyant designs. These who are concerned about making a good impression often choose conservative colors and material with a small design. These facts have led to the conclusion that the self is expressed through one’s selection of clothing fabrics and that clothing items play a role in helping the individual to conform to an ideal self.
The clothing suited to the need of the individual helps him to achieve a favorable self-concept is well known to the layman, as shown by a large clothing company’s advertisement. Psychoanalysis has helped some men to overcome obstacles and gain new confidence.
The ego involvement of clothing has been noted by Hartmann. If clothes embarrass or humiliate the wearer or if they cause “swollen pride” they contribute to a distorted concept of self. Ordinarily the wearer is quick to sense what others think of his clothes. This influences not only his attitude towards his clothes but also his attitude toward himself. Usually, the opinions of others reinforce the wearer’s already- existing attitudes, whether they are favorable or not.
For the vast majority of the human-race, clothing plays a large part in making for happiness and success—clothes help to make us self- confident, self respecting, jolly, free or they make us self-conscious, shy, and sensitive, restrained how much we go in to society, the places we go to, and the exercise we take. They help us to get jobs and to hold them, to miss them and lose them--- clothes then make or us. They may enhance our personality or be so conspicuous as to subordinate us to them.

CATHARSIS

2010-11-09T14:50:00.007+05:30

Emotional Catharsis-
Most people learn to repress the over expressions of emotions that would lead to unfavorable social judgments. But as has been stressed above, the physical and mental preparation for emotional expression persists. Unless the bodily changes and mental states that accompany this preparation for action are made use of, they will play have with the person’s physical and psychological will being.
Just as pent-up body wastes are harmful, so are pent-up preparations for action that accompany the emotions. Consequently, to restore homeostasis the body and mind must be purged. This purging is known as “emotional catharsis” the freeing of the body and the mind of the preparations for action that normally accompany the arousal of an emotion.

Physical Catharsis-
Like taking a laxative clear the body of waste products that are causing headaches, listlessness, and pain, purging the body of pent-up emotional energy provides only temporary relief. It does not get at the root of the trouble. The constipated person must correct his eating habits or who will have to resort to laxative again and again. Similarly the emotionally distressed person must deal with the mental aspects of his emotional upsets as well as the physical. Purging the body of pent- up physical energy is essential, but it is only the beginning of the process of emotional catharsis, of the many cathartics used to purge the body of pent-up emotional energy, the most common are strenuous physical activity in work or play, laughing, crying, giggling, sex play, steam baths, massages, and calisthenics. Which will be used will depend upon the life experiences of the person. Some are more effective than others. Some may not be available to the person and some may be socially disapproved. A young person may be prevented from strenuous physical work by child labor laws or by overprotective parents. A person who is unattractive to members of the opposite sex may lack opportunities for petting, necking, or sexual intercourse. A physical handicapped person may not be able to engage in strenuous work or play. Crying is regarded as immature except, perhaps, at funerals. Giggling and uninhibited laughter are regarded as immature of in bad taste. Sex play with members of the same sex is taboo, and with member of opposite sex is frowned upon, except, perhaps during the engagement period and after marriage.
Thus, the person’s choice is limited by what is possible for him to use and what the social group considers appropriate. If one uses methods that are socially disapproved, he will feel guilty.
Mental Catharsis-
The fundamental principle of mental catharsis is to bring the underlying caused of emotional disturbance out into the open, analyze them and subject them to reality testing to see how justified they are and them find satisfactory ways of giving them expression. Strong drives which can not be expressed because of their conflict with social codes are at basis of emotional stress.
To satisfy these drives via mental catharsis the person must be willing to talk about himself to others. Through self-disclosure he bring the underlying causes of his disturbance out into the open and even more importantly, he subjects them to reality testing by getting another person’s opinion of them.
Children who have been brought up in a relatively open and democratic environment express their feelings rather freely. They criticize person who they think have treated them unfairly by name calling, ridiculing, and making disparaging comments. If they feel their achievements are superior, they boast about them. Many children however don’t have friends to confide in or parents and teachers who take time to listen to their problems. Those brought up under authoritarian child-training methods have earned not to talk freely even with friends. The result is that many people have no confidant to whom they can express their repressed feelings.
Adolescents often inhibit self-disclosures among their peers because they do not want to create an unfavorable impression by talking about how their parents restrict their activities. They thus cut themselves off from their major source of emotional catharsis.
People who lack a readily available person to turn to as a target for self-disclosure often use substitute forms of mental catharsis they may express their pent-up emotions in a daydream, fighting imaginary verbal battles with those who have frustrated them or telling an imaginary confidant things they would never tell a real person. This may give temporary relief but it has not long- term value because it does not help them to subject their problem to reality testing nor does it provide with a new prospective.
A few people especially adolescent girls find that keeping a diary helps to clarify their thoughts and feelings about problems that disturb them. This like daydreaming and mere verbalizing, provides no opportunity to get an objective view of the problem, and so is not usually successful.

AGE OF ACHIEVEMENT

2010-11-03T13:42:00.003+05:30

Most people set dates for achieving thing that are important to them at that time. The preschooler sets a time for being able to ride a bicycle, for crossing the streets alone, or for being able to swim. The adult sets a time when he expects to be the foreman or manager in his work or have a specified sum of money saved.

Children and, to a lesser extent, young adolescents, think that, once they are grown up, they will have many years to achieve their important goals. As they approach adulthood, however, they become increasingly aware that the years for achievement are shorter than they originally thought. They come to realize that social attitudes toward those who show physical signs of aging are unfavorable and that they must achieve their goals before the social group places obstacles in their way.

They discover further that the social group regards the years between 20 and 40 as the critical age for achievement and that, if they have not made a reasonable success of their lives by the time they reach 40, the chances of being able to do so later grow deadline for their achievements and judge themselves as success or failures in terms of what they have achieved when they reach this deadline.
Just when a person will reach the peak of achievement- in both quality and quantity- will depend on how hard he is willing to work to gain his goal how willing he is to make the necessary sacrifices in time, effort, and personal pleasures to ensure success, and, most critical of all, the area in which he is striving to success. Unless he takes these factors is into account, to he is almost certain to fall short of his expectation and be dissatisfied with his achievements.
The age at which peak achievement is normally reached varies from one area to another; peak achievement comes earlier in sports, for example, than in engineering or the sciences. Artists, likewise, “hit their stride” earlier than scientists or people in the business or professional worlds. In every area, women tend to reach their peak achievement earlier than men- not because they are more precocious but rather because social barriers make it impossible for them to achieve as great success as men of comparable ability.

Teacher Attitudes and Behavior

2010-11-02T14:06:00.007+05:30

The Teacher’s influence on the young person’s personality development is second to that of the parents because the personality pattern is already partially formed when the child enters school and because the child spends less time at school and has a less intimates relationship with the teacher. However the teacher’s influence is second only to that of parents.
The influence of the teacher’s attitudes and behavior on the student’s personality pattern cones from two major sources the kind of relationship that exists between the teacher and students and the effect of the teacher on the emotional climate of the school. The emotional climate of the school.

The relationship between teacher and students determined in part by the teacher’s attitude toward the student and in part by the student’s attitude toward the teacher. These attitudes depend on how the teacher and the student perceive each- other. When the teacher perceives the young person as a troublemaker or as o disinterested lackadaisical student, her attitude toward him will, understandably, be far less positive than if she perceived him as a cooperative, interested learner.
If the student has a hostile attitude toward the teacher, it will be reflected in his interaction with the teacher and will influence her attitude toward him and her treatment of him. His hostile attitude may be due to pressures from parents, sibling, and peers, to unpleasant experiences with the teacher, to dislike of the subject she teacher or the way she teacher it, or to the acceptance of unfavorable stereotypes of teachers as given in mass media.
While teacher-student relationship normally become more formal and less warm as students continue their education, some student find their relationship with specific teachers pleasanter and more satisfying than their relationship with their parents. Some identify so strongly with a teacher that they try to model. Their behavior as well as their looks and dress after those of the teacher. This is especially common among girls during the “crush stage” in early adolescence.

Enterprise Integration Laboratory

2010-11-02T13:52:00.013+05:30

The program Inauguration ceremony has been held on in ABV IIITM is 15-10-2010 in D-Block Room no. 114. Personalities who were present during the Inauguration of Enterprise Integration Laboratory. Honorable Mr. M.N. Buch, chairman, BOG, Prof. Devi Singh Director IIM Lucknow, Prof. Rajan Saxena Former Director IIM Indore, Mr. Anil Kumar Additional Secretary MHRD, Prof. S.G.Deshmukh Director IIIM Gwalior, Dr. Deleep Kumar, Registrar IIITM Gwalior, Dr. P. Acharya faculty-in-charge, Prof. Raju Ganesh Sunder, T&P.

Since long there was a need of laboratory to provide hands on experience in the state of the art tools to MBA and IPG MBA students. Who are to serve as the future techno-managers assumes significance. Enterprise Integration Lab is a decisive endeavor in that quest. Exposures to software complement the theoretical inputs acquired through classroom learning. Students get to appreciate the rigor of the tools by the way of submitting project reports, assignments and thesis work.

The laboratory is designed to aid research both is post-graduate and PhD level. Students of all streams can use the state of the art tools in the field of management science during their B. Tech, M. Tech and MBA project thesis. Research scholars particularly in field of management science can benefit directly from the use of this laboratory facility. The laboratory adequately with decision science tools looks to helps brings out enterprise level solution based on a close interaction with industry. Industrial projects of non-profit nature be taken up and analysis by students.

INFOTSAV

2010-11-01T15:23:00.005+05:30

ABV IIITM Organized three days infotsav program on 29-10-2010, first day participant students from various places presented their program in Technofest. Presentations were like Robotics, Workshop on Automobile, Science Exhibition and other interesting events.
During in program Mr. M.N. Buch Chairman of IIITM Gwalior, Mr. Majoomdar General Manager J.K. Tyre, Mr. paramjeet Singh Sahai C E O, E P A infrastructure, Mr. Jatin Chaudhary Point-10 solution and Smt. Suchi Garg Manager of Pvt. Limited Project were present there.

Program has been organized in different rooms for different type of events. On Friday Institute kept busy. The same day students presented their presentation Law Engineering, Witch hunt, Brouhaha and Chakravyuh. They presented their creativity in science models, the presentation attracted the spectators.
Students who participated the Infotsav program in science model competitions. They were from Kanpur, Etawah, Jaipur their presentations were Walkie-talkie, Microweb Boat run by Solar Energy. They introduced all to save environment. The program was nice, it was applauded by all.

Effects of physical defects on personaslity

2010-10-29T13:39:00.003+05:30

Physical defects affect personality directly by placing limitations on what person can do and thus restricting the areas within which he can develop a positive and realistic self-concept. Indirectly, the personality is affect by the way defects influence the attitudes and treatment of significant people. In general, physical handicaps requiring the use of crutches leg braces, or wheelchairs are viewed more favorably and more sympathetically than obesity or facial deformities.

Direct effects of physical defects normally occur earlier than indirect effects. Even young children are aware of their inability to do things their playmates do, and if they know this is due to a physical handicap, they feel resentful and frustrated. Only if a defect does not prevent them from what their playmates do does if fail to have a direct effect on the self-concept.

Awareness of social attitudes toward defects is delayed because adults try not to let children know how they feel about defects and because the defects are unimportant in the peer group’s activities. Facial scars or broken teeth, for example, will go unnoticed unless they are very conspicuous. Even then, most children accept such defects in their playmates without judgmental comments or questions. Only after they reach the looks- conscious age of adolescence when the social group “virtually equates physical beauty with social survival, is disfigurement often short of tragic”.

Numerous students have been made of the direct and indirect effects of obesity on personality. Directly obesity is a handicap in social relationship because the obese person is unable to keep up with his contemporaries. Indirectly, awareness of unfavorable social attitudes towards obesity makes the person feel inferior and socially scorned. As time goes on, Atkinson and Ringuette have pointed out, massively obese individuals become more disturbed, perhaps because of both increasing self-dissatisfaction and cumulative adverse responses from others.
Whether direct or indirect, the harmful effects of physical defects are far-reaching. The person who suffers from a physical defect, regardless of how minor it is, is faced with the normal adjustment problems of his age as well as the specifics problems arising from the defect. He is extremely vulnerable to feeling of threat and to other sources of emotional instability.

Parental over protectiveness of a child with a physical defect may interfere with his adjustment to school and his participation in extracurricular activities, causing him to be immature for his age and increasing his feelings of inadequacy and inferiority.

Physical defects that keep children from acquiring play skills deprive them of social contacts and make the children feel scorned or martyrdom, often intensified by the belief that they are rejected by their parents and siblings as well as thus age-mates. With limited social contacts, children have few opportunities to develop their social sensitivity, and this further hampers their ability to make good social adjustments. As a result, they are forced to spend much of their play time alone: they develop few interests have fits of boredom, and are envious of those who are socially accepted. Under such conditions, many physically handicapped children live in a fantasy world and become introverted and egocentric.

The damaging effects of physical defects begun in childhood increase with age and lead to poor personal and social adjustments in adult life-in work marriage, and social life. A follow-up study of graduates from a school for crippled children showed that as adults, they were socially very inactive, even though they had been socially active in their school days. This social inactivity in adult life was due, in part to difficulties in getting around and, in part, to feelings of being unwanted. This led to personal dissatisfaction, unhappiness, and tendency to be introverted and egocentric.

An Attractiveness

2010-10-27T14:39:00.002+05:30

Attractiveness has vital role in the personality of man. The strong influence of physical attractiveness on personality is not direct, but indirect, stemming from favorable attitudes of other people toward those who are attractive. And since attractive people are attractive in varying degrees, the attitude and treatment of other vary. The differences in personality.

An attractive- looking person of any age is more appealing than one who is unattractive. It is very rewarding. A person who is attractive is more sought after for dates than the person who is homely.

In addition, people tend to be more tolerant in their attitudes and judgment of an attractive person. A pretty child, for example- is far less likely to be harshly criticized or punished for troublesome behavior can be less efficient and less conscientious than an attractive one and yet win a promotion.

Where a person considered attractive or not is determined by the judgments other make of him. The person is first seen in to. If the impression is favorable, the label “attractive” is than attached to him. If some feature stands out from the total pattern because it does not seem to fit, attention is focused on if first and their leads to the impression that the person is homely. A nose that is too large for the other facial features, for example leads to social judgment that the person is unattractive.

No single feature, parse, is either attractive of unattractive. Beauty depends on social judgment and these judgments are colored by cultural stereotypes. What one cultural group considers attractive, another may regard as homely or actually ugly.

In some cultures, fat is regarded as beautiful because it is associated with wealth. A person becomes fat because he can afford to eat as much as he wants. In our culture, in the past fat was associated with being healthy and was admired. Today it is associated male adjustment and it judged as homely.

Furthermore, with in cultural group, standards of physical attractiveness change. At the turn of the present century, ample was I, during the flapper era curves were out and the flat chaste, flat-hipped female body was in. Today the standard of an attractive female body is about half way between these extremes, a pencil slim body with unexaggerated curves.

It’s effects on personality-realization that appearance plays an important role in social judgments inevitable affects the self-concept. If a person feels that his appearance is such that he will be judged positively, it will have a favorable effect on his personality. Few people, however, feel so. Most feel that their total appearance or some feature that mars their attractiveness is responsible for their not being as popular as they otherwise would be.

The more a person varies from the norm in physical attractiveness, the more he also varies in satisfaction and these in the favorable-ness of his self concept. Studies of the effects of acne illustrate how severely one unattractive feature can affect the self concept. College students with acne score significantly higher on a neurotic-ism scale than those who are free from this skin blemish.

One study has shown that an unattractive appearance many lead to deviant behavior. Not only are criminals judged to be below the norm in personal attractiveness, but the seriousness of their crimes is positively related to the degree of their unattractiveness. Robbers, who are bolder and who hold up their victims face to face are 2:30 more likely to be judged as attractive than are burglars.

Interview: An overview-cum-guide

2010-10-26T15:17:00.003+05:30

An interview is an interactive process which facilitates a selection committee to evaluate interpersonal attributes and communication skills of an individual and assess his understanding of wide variety of personal, social, technological issues around a person, besides his desire and ambition.

An interview is a completely an unpredictable process where events can take any turn in which the interviewee has minimum chance of influencing questions, however, with training and practice, a person can somewhat succeed in prompting an interview asking such questions which would have a positive bearing on the outcome of the interview. If may be understood that an interview is a tow-way process rather than a one way-questioning. If and interviewee is attempting to sell himself, it is also the organization which is selling itself. So don’t underestimate yourself, though the position of an interviewee can not be counted on parallel terms with that of an interviewer.

An interviewer is not trying to locate “know all” but is simply trying to find a suitable person who would fit the post in the best possible way and be a helpful in accomplishing to organization’s targets both short term and long terms.

The interviewer notes every activity which an interviewee undertakes, be it behavior attitude the manner of answering, questions, manners, speech endurance to bear strains, etc. It is always advisable to show such expressions which may be vogue in slang but are not part of standard language. Don’t mix language answer in the language you are confident in be it Hindi, English, or regional language, you should be able to express explicitly. And of course, the interviewer should also be able to understand the language.

Generally, interviewers are helpful and encouraging if the first impression has gone fight, and they try to help the candidate maintain cool, but also be cautions. Sometimes, interviewer tends to be helpful in a conceited manner by giving promptings to make the interviewee fall in line and expose his short comings to listen and believe heat-say, you are right sir, but I beg to differ.

Don’t guess while answering questions. If you do not know an answer, admit your short coming honestly. Don’t try to cheat interviewer. They are more knowledgeable and have ability to find out any such attempt.

An interview is more of a personality test rather than a grueling quizzing process. Interviewers are trying to find out personal traits such as honesty, integrity, mental alertness, acumen ability to cope with different situation, your views on varied topics, general awareness, and more than all, your suitability for the job.

Anticipate questions and prepare answers and go in discussing them with friends and peers in a relational and logical manner. Try to support your deductions on the basis of data whenever necessary.

Don’t get nervous before the interviewers. Be confident and have faith in yourself. It happens that most intelligent people fail to succeed, whereas people with far inferior knowledge succeed.

Put everything in compact manner in your mind before you take a step to march towards the interview room.

E CELL ABV- IIITM

2010-10-13T13:56:00.006+05:30

The institution provided E CELL program for twenty individuals with motive of fostering and spreading the spirit of entrepreneurship among the youth of nation to arrange a basic platform to those mind-masters who have the command to govern an organization with brilliant ideas.

The E CELL represented program as:

Entrepreneur of the month
Manager of the month

This program has been held on in E cell. The presentation of E cell unfolded a lot of views for the students.
Why does E cell conduct the program the manager of the month:
E cell deliver the program for students

An opportunity of learning
Motivation for budding managers
Enhancement of spirit of local leaders

“A driver of all that is actively managing the resource in needs and wants...Team ECELL”.

In September the G.M. of Taj Hotels Mr. Ashok Rathore was invited in E cell, The Indian Hotels Company Limited (IHCL) and its subsidiaries collected known as Taj Hotels Resorts and places largest and splendid company with stunning properties, sterling services place has won renown not just in India but the world over.

Mr. Ashok Rathore explained about Taj Hotels Groups, about its history strategy, brand and value and about the scope of Hotel industry in India and world.

He glanced on the various properties (Hotels) of Taj and issue which related of them. He advised that acceptance of culture is the best way to spread the industry. He pointed out about his internal strength that he accepted the most difficult property to work and try to make profitable for group.

Mr. Rathore has completed his degree in Hotel Management from Jaipur. He joined Taj group before 15 year back and he as worked very much or many National and International property of Taj.All the presence of students and related to department gained good ideas about Hotel Industry.

Manager of The Month

2010-10-12T15:41:00.004+05:30

Introduction- the program was related to managing department. How can manage provide an opportunity of learning students? The program motivated for budding manager so they can get an appropriate approach of management in Industry Interface, enhancement or spirit of local leader and appreciate their work.

The certificate of appreciate for program was given by IIITM for performance excellence in management to selected manger and declared them, the Manager of the Month. The program manager of a mouser was very helpful it’s all students of management. The programmer taught new skill to seem. The managerial tricks. All the students were happy to know all these things.

ABV-IIITM Gwalior :Hindi Pakhwada

2010-10-12T15:31:00.006+05:30

We all are Indian and our National language is Hindi language, we should pay regard for our Hindi language. A few days back IIITM conducted a program in the favor of the language, named Hindi Pakhwada. The program was started on 14th Sept. 2010 and was continued sennight. On 14th Sept. 2010 institution inaugurated Pakhwade ceremony in the presence of Dr. Divakar Vidyalankar and shri Pawan Karan. Director Sahieb, Registrar Sahieb and shri Naval Bajpai IIITM were also present in Hindi Pakhwade program.

Dr. Vidyalankar stressed on the theme of unity one India one people and how can we stand together with unity in any all situation. Shri Pawan also followed the similar theme, and made the issue of popularizing our National language and asked how can the Hindi language be a convenient medium to establish unity.
On 15th Sept. 2010 the events began with full excitement. In first event was quiz. The event was followed such as debate, competition hand writing competition, poster making, slogan writing, translation of technical terms and documentary on Hindi.
On 30th Sept. 2010 the Pakhwade program was over. The following day 1st Oct. Hasya Kavi Sammelan was organized.Hasya Kavi shri Pradeep Choubey, shri k. k. Pandey, Rashmi Saba Sahiba and shri Madan Mohan Danish were invited to calibrate the sammelan. The event was unforgetable. The poets cracked jokes, satire over various themes. All the spectators were looking in jovial moods. The same night the event was over after that dinner was served all of them.

Really the Hindi Pakhwada was exceptional success, and it forced to heart of spectators to praise the program.

2nd HR Summit '2010' : Mr. Gyan Prakash Mishra Chief Manager, SRF Limited

2010-10-11T11:21:00.004+05:30

LLB from Meerut University, MBA in Industrial Relations
Worked in Kanoria Chemicals, Dalmia Cements
Presently worked in SRF as Chief Manager

Speech

He said “whenever an idea is conceived, an organization is created. You need time, money and intelligence (available in abundance). This can enable you to get ahead”. He focused on competitiveness which meant everything that is related to competitiveness is an HR issue i.e. continual improvement, speed, creativity and innovation, people and talent. An HR manager must be a business manager, but he must strike a balance because ultimate the people need to be taken care of the employees and stakeholders. Unique career path for each employee must be kept in mind.

2nd HR Summit '2010':Mr. Aivnash Mishra: General Manager, Human Resource, Godrej

2010-10-11T11:14:00.005+05:30

Post Graduation in Personal Management & Industrial Relation apart from Master in Economics and LLB.
Brings with him an enriching 21 years of experience in different Industries.
In 2010, he has been awarded by the chairman of Godrej Group Mr. Adi Godrej on “commendation for Affirmative Action” to fulfill Company Social Responsibility.

Speech

He started with reactive/proactive approach towards the HR contribution towards competitiveness. HR must know about business, challenges, and opposites so much that they could craft polices which enabled people to give their best. Drivers or business: product/brand, process, people (nothing can happen without them). He said “most important work of HR is to unearth the hidden talent or reverse the iceberg”. He said “20% of HR decisions are affecting 80% of outcomes”. Congruence between individual and business goals is what HR should try to achieve. There’s a need to determine competencies (staffing, division), consequences (standards and pay offs), governance polices (structure and policy) and change (HR leads, change in organization). Leadership: can drive the strategy. Single solutions won’t win the war one need to have options.

2nd HR Summit '2010':HR CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS COMPETITVENESS

2010-10-11T11:10:00.002+05:30

They discussed on the effectiveness of human resource as a key for success. It requires highly competitive workforce. They discussed the on the traditional method of appraisals and performance based incentives from company’s and individual prospective. They carried out a study on incentives schemes to have the view of how the preferences for the incentives change with age group. The financial & non financial incentives at different age group. Between male and female, and the recognition factors that are important for any organization to female, and the recognition factors that are important for any organization to know.

Contributed by: Subhash Sharma & Akul Yadav (IPG-MBA 5th year)

2nd HR Summit '2010':Mr. Sanjay Jain Vice President, Corporate Human Resource, Abhijeet group

2010-10-11T11:05:00.003+05:30

Speech

He started his speech by saying that salaries formed a major chunk only in consultancy firms, in manufacturing its 5%, in services/IT/ITES its 10%.
It was not the human capital alone, but the right kind of human capital that play a key role in profitability. Organization and individuals, both must match in all respects. He told that organization’s structure was also important, along with profiles, assignments.

2nd HR Summit'2010':PROFITABILITY THROUGH HUMAN CAPTIAL

2010-10-11T10:56:00.004+05:30

They put forth their viewing and considering human capital as a value producing asset instead of a cost to be minimized, reduced or reined in, Building a powerful human capital strategy requires solid facts, measures, & process for discerning discussed the Human Capital strategy. The next discussion was on the employee centered career planning and organizational centered career management. They displayed the study of career planning trends and factors that play role in planning.

Social contacts
Markets trends
Areas of interest
Individual social responsibility
Salary expectation
Adjustability
Efforts
Pressure
Desired job function
Communication skills

They further discussed their findings about career planning.

Contributed by: Ankita Shrivastava, A.S Lalitha (IPG_MBA 5^th year)

2nd HR Summit '2010':Mr. Pramod Kumar Joshi Member Advisory Board, All e Technologies

2010-10-11T10:48:00.006+05:30

B. Tech from IT-Bhu & M. Tech from IIT-Kanpur & PGDBM from IIM, Bangalore.
More than 20 year of work experience in IT industry at US, Mexico and India.
Advisor to All e Technologies in Noida.
Director of Winning Mantra.

Speech

He stared by considering recruitment like a love story where both have to make compromises and understand each other well. He told that was not about changing things, instead that was just about observing things in the environment and responding accordingly. He told that most employees get disoriented in the first 4-6 weeks of the association with the organization. He said that the mindsets needed to be changed to bring about innovation in the recruitment. He said “if employees are innovative; the recruiter needs to be innovative as well”. He said “we can innovate even in the way interviews are conducted”.

2nd HR Summit '2010': Mr. Manmohan Bhutani Vice President, Human Resource, Fiserv

2010-10-11T10:40:00.013+05:30

Mechanical Engineer from BITS, Pilani and a Post Graduate from IIM, Lucknow.
Has overall 25 years of experience in managing IT & Software Business in different roles and positions.
Overall responsible for People & Operations which include Human Resources. Talent Acquisition, Training, Facilities & administration and IT Infrastructure function for the IT & BPO Division of Fiserv Global Services.

Speech

When there are business pressures, one needs to innovate across levels and functions. In his opinion interval recruitment has become critical. Contract based relationship are now a days followed more by many organization. He also explained about caring the potential candidate from the day he has applied for the job so that he gets a good experience with to organization & once selected to made sure that he would definitely joining. He also stressed upon the after joining providing the good environment to the employee so that he does not leave within very 1st year of his service. He talked about work from home for female candidate, work for half the time, job for both husband and wife and in their organization.

2nd HR Summit '2010': INNOVATION IN RECRUITMENT PROCESSES

2010-10-11T10:21:00.005+05:30

This session was all about the innovative practices made by the different companies to update their recruitment process because there is no benchmark available with organizations to know if they are doing good job for recruitment of the potential candidates. They told us that in today’s environment it is the most a light on the comparison between the traditional and e-recruitment methods. The e-recruitment methods are cost efficient, time saving, provide clarity about job & decrease the lead time. They further explained the internet and blog that are used now days as new tools for recruitment. The cost analysis report on the summer internship done by them at Reliance Life Insurance shows that the method that includes least cost is incurred in the e-recruitment methods. There is high pressure on the numbers to be recruited so there are other critical variables still not a part of review focus. At last traditional methods should not be replaced by e-recruitment methods; rather they should be used to supplement the traditional methods.

Mr. Jagannath Khuntia: General Manager, Human Resource, India Glycols Limite

B.Sc. in agriculture from Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology & PGDM from XIM, Bhuvaneshwar
Worked with Cimmco Birla Limited, Synthetic & Chemicals Gati Limited, People‘s Power
Currently working as GM (HR, India Glycol)
Actively associated with institutions/Management associations,
Manages a HR blog HR INTERACTIVE

Speech

Inc business/growth does not mean inc manpower
It might mean the better technology orientation. He told that in any organization
50% employees not engaged according to their skill - set and interest CEO’s feel
Recruitment is a major issue to be focused. People with skill for tomorrow are required by the
Companies to exist in the near future. People don’t stay at one workplace for long time, Service level needs to be high for the employee who is associated with organization. He explained recruitment is a competitive differentiation. He also threw light on shift from financial to technology human capital. He said that recruitment is equivalent to marketing in term of interpersonal skills human Resource management one sells organization to candidates. What one follows in marketing, can be followed in recruitment. Cost of bad recruitment should be considered. More because it is five times more than a normal recruitment method

Contributed by: Umesh Bishnoi, Yashwant Singh Gill (PG-MBA-2^nd year)